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<h1 class="gmail-primary-heading">Can £27m a year bring a language back from near death? </h1>
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<p class="gmail-introduction">Finding the value in an ancient way of speaking.</p>
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<span class="gmail-publication-date gmail-index-body">1 August 2018</span>
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<p>The feeling of walking barefoot across a
beach in summer and the sun-warmed sand chafing my toes takes me the
length of this sentence to describe. My great-great-grandfather, Angus
Morrison, would have used one word: driùchcainn.<em> <br></em></p><p>That’s
because, born and bred on the fringes of Western Europe, on Lewis, in
the archipelago of the Outer Hebrides, his mother tongue was Scottish
Gaelic.</p><p>It’s the ancient Celtic language heard by TV audiences tuning into the Highlands time-travelling saga <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-44067468">Outlander</a>.</p><blockquote><p>
Scottish Gaelic is considered at risk of dying out. On Unesco’s list of
imperilled languages, it is classed as ‘definitely endangered’ </p></blockquote><p>In
real life, working together crofting, fishing, weaving or cutting peat
for fires, my ancestors spoke in Gaelic. It was spoken at home, sung at
parties, used at church. But education in Angus’s day was strictly in
English. As late as the 1970s, children were sometimes punished for
speaking Gaelic at school.</p><p>Raised alongside Atlantic surf and
storms, he became a sailor. Then, in the mid-nineteenth century, moved
to Glasgow, and settled there working as a ship’s rigger. Among the
principles he instilled in the family was the importance of education.
But he did not pass on his cradle tongue.</p><p> </p><div class="gmail-inline-media gmail-inline-image">
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<a id="gmail-p06g3vqc" class="gmail-responsive-image-wrapper gmail-fullsizeable" href="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/6g/3v/p06g3vqc.jpg"><img title="(Credit: Getty Images)" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" class="gmail-responsive gmail-landscape" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/6g/3v/p06g3vqc.jpg" width="" height=""></a><span id="gmail-" class="gmail-icon-wrapper gmail-gel-icon-wrapper gmail-icon-wrapper-fullscreen">
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<p class="gmail-caption-text gmail-caption-body">Dr Marsaili MacLeod
says there's a fear that we risk losing some of our cultural diversity
"through globalisation and English as a global language” (Credit: Getty
Images)</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><p></p><p><strong>On the brink of extinction</strong></p><p>My
family story illustrates what linguistics experts call
intergenerational breakdown. In 2018, along with about half of the
world’s estimated 6,000 languages, Scottish Gaelic is considered at risk
of dying out. On Unesco’s <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001924/192416e.pdf">list</a> of imperilled languages, it is classed as ‘definitely endangered’. <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/economic-success-drives-language-extinction">Research</a>
suggests that one of the biggest factors to blame for killing off
minority languages is a thriving economy. As economies develop, one
language often comes to dominate a nation’s political and educational
spheres, meaning people are forced to adopt the dominant language or
risk being left out in the cold.</p><blockquote><p> One of the biggest factors to blame for killing off minority languages is a thriving economy </p></blockquote><p>Today,
only my father has a little Gaelic. My own knowledge is limited to
words adopted into English, such as ‘ceilidh’ – meaning a social
gathering, usually with Scottish or Irish folk music.</p><p>That puts me in the same boat as most Scots. The 2011 <a href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/news/2015/scotlands-census-2011-gaelic-report-part-1">census</a>
showed only 1.7% of people in Scotland had some Scottish Gaelic skills.
In a population of five million-plus, this amounts to 87,100. Of these,
only 32,400 were able to understand, speak, read and write it. Which is
why the Scottish government is investing millions in trying to save it –
through broadcasting, cultural and education projects. This ranges from
Gaelic groups for pre-schoolers to ensuring the police and ambulance
services have Gaelic language policies in place.</p><p>The budget for
this tax year is £27.4m ($36m). But is it even possible to resuscitate a
dying language – and does it really matter anyway?</p><p>In Scotland,
news of £2.5m of further public funding for a new Gaelic dictionary has
stirred debate. Over the past four decades, successive governments of
different political stripes have all supported the language. But critics
say the policy is artificial and nostalgic and the cash should go to
teaching modern world languages such as Spanish. “If Gaelic is dying
does it deserve a financial kiss of life?” wrote columnist Brian Beacom
in <a href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16185338.Brian_Beacom__If_Gaelic_is_dying_does_it_deserve_a_financial_kiss_of_life_/?ref=erec">The Herald</a>.</p><p><span></span></p><div class="gmail-inline-media gmail-inline-image">
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<a id="gmail-p06g30c2" class="gmail-responsive-image-wrapper gmail-fullsizeable" href="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/6g/30/p06g30c2.jpg"><img title="(Credit: Getty Images)" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" class="gmail-responsive gmail-landscape" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/6g/30/p06g30c2.jpg" width="" height=""></a><span id="gmail-" class="gmail-icon-wrapper gmail-gel-icon-wrapper gmail-icon-wrapper-fullscreen">
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<p class="gmail-caption-text gmail-caption-body">The 2011 census
showed only 1.7% of people in Scotland had some Scottish Gaelic skills,
In a population of five million-plus this amounts to around 87,100
(Credit: Getty Images)</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><p></p><p>The controversy is mirrored across the <a href="http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140606-why-we-must-save-dying-languages">globe</a> in countries such as New Zealand, where funding for <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-40493398">Te Reo Maori</a>
(one of the country’s three official languages) is hotly disputed. In
Germany, 60,000 Sorbs are fighting to retain government funding for the <em>two </em>separate languages they want to keep alive.</p><p>“It’s
very easy to use an economic argument that monolingualism would be much
more cost effective and that would reduce conflict and create economic
efficiencies,” says Dr Marsaili MacLeod, lecturer in Gaelic at the
University of Aberdeen, UK, and a champion of language rights. “But we
would lose something if we all became one international nation with one
language. People today really value cultural diversity and there’s a
fear that we’re losing that through globalisation and English as a
global language.”</p><p><strong>The value of an ancient tongue</strong></p><p>Spoken
in Scotland for more than 1,500 years, in Medieval times it was the
primary language for swathes of Scotland. But over the centuries usage
shrank back to the Hebrides and the Highlands. In 1746, at the Battle of
Culloden, British government troops defeated Jacobite forces.
Afterwards, state suppression of clan culture and traditions included
banning Gaelic.</p><blockquote><p> Generally, English was seen as the language of study, commerce and material success </p></blockquote><p>It
was further weakened over the following century by the Highland
clearances, when landowners evicted crofters from land rented for
generations so that sheep farming could be introduced for higher
profits. The resulting mass migration means that today there are
Gaelic-speaking communities in Nova Scotia in Canada as well as in New
Zealand, Australia and the US.</p><p>“Historically, Gaelic and pretty
much any minority language tended to be excluded from formal usage,
marginalised from economic life,” says Wilson McLeod, professor of
Gaelic at the University of Edinburgh, UK. “The traditional formulation
was that Gaelic had no commercial value.”</p><p>Then in the 1970s a
pioneering business model emerged on the Isle of Skye. Landowner Sir
Iain Noble turned disused farm buildings into the Gaelic college and
cultural centre <a href="http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/en/">Sabhal Mor Ostaig</a>
and set up an hotel and a whisky distillery. He insisted that Gaelic
was to be the normal working language of the estate. This was a new
idea. “Nobody in the 1950s and 1960s in Scotland was working in an
office in the medium of Gaelic,” says McLeod.</p><blockquote><p> With 18
letters in its alphabet, no direct equivalent for ‘no’ or ‘yes’ and
five syllables needed to say ‘please’, it is very different from English
</p></blockquote><p>Thinking began to change. Politicians became
interested in the idea of Gaelic as a motor in economic development,
particularly in peripheral areas. “From the early 19th Century onwards,
the economy of the Highlands and islands had been in perpetual crisis
with out-migration, serious population decline, serious
underdevelopment, and poverty,” says McLeod.</p><p>The 1980s brought key
language policies with increased public funding for Gaelic arts,
culture and education and especially for television. In 2005 the
Scottish parliament in Edinburgh passed a <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2005/7/contents">law</a>
to promote and protect Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, with
the aim of it “commanding equal respect to the English language.”
Since then, Gaelic education has been growing. Even parents arriving in
Scotland from countries such as Germany and Turkey are sending their
offspring to Gaelic-medium nurseries and schools.</p><p>Today, latest <a href="http://www.hie.co.uk/common/handlers/download-document.ashx?id=0e113231-5668-4945-b1db-e88a137a738d">research</a>
by Highlands and Islands Enterprise in 2014 puts the present yearly
economic value of Gaelic at about £5.6m and estimates its potential as
high as £148.5m. In sales and marketing, for instance, it can enhance
perceptions of uniqueness, authenticity and provenance, thus increasing
appeal to target customers. </p><p></p><div class="gmail-inline-media gmail-inline-image">
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<a id="gmail-p06g3063" class="gmail-responsive-image-wrapper gmail-fullsizeable" href="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/6g/30/p06g3063.jpg"><img title="(Credit: Getty Images)" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" class="gmail-responsive gmail-landscape" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/6g/30/p06g3063.jpg" width="" height=""></a><span id="gmail-" class="gmail-icon-wrapper gmail-gel-icon-wrapper gmail-icon-wrapper-fullscreen">
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<div class="gmail-caption-lining">
<p class="gmail-caption-text gmail-caption-body">In 2005 a law was
passed to protect Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, with the
aim of it “commanding equal respect to the English language” (Credit:
Getty Images)</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><p></p><p><strong>Saying things you can’t say in English</strong></p><p>But
for lovers of Gaelic, the language is beyond price. With 18 letters in
its alphabet, no direct equivalent for ‘no’ or ‘yes’ and five syllables
needed to say ‘please’, it is very different from English. It gives
access to a unique treasure trove of history, literature, song and
storytelling — and vocabulary to express ideas not readily put into
English.</p><p>“It’s all to do with identity,” says Marsaili MacLeod.
“It’s the language of my forebears, my grandfather’s and grandmother’s
generation, the language of place and of people. It gives me a sense of
who I am and where I come from.”</p><p>It provides an understanding of
environment that’s been built up over generations — from the workings of
landscape and weather to the healing properties of plants, she says.
“Any indigenous language has a lot to tell about that place.”</p><p>Rooted
in close-knit rural communities, these original languages also tend to
place people. “When you meet someone in Gaelic the first thing you ask
is ‘Where are you from? Who out of are you? Who do you belong to?’”,
says MacLeod.</p><p>In the Maori language of New Zealand, she says,
people introduce themselves with ‘What boat did I arrive on? Which is my
lake? Who are my people?’.</p><p>To learn more about
great-great-grandfather Angus, I need to head to the windswept and
wildly beautiful tip of the island of Lewis, the most north-westerly
point in Europe. It’s here that descendants of migrant families find
their way from north and South America, South Africa, Australia and New
Zealand to a trim white-painted former schoolhouse – home to a museum
and café run by the <a href="http://cenonline.org/">Ness Historical Society</a>.</p><p>Annie
Macsween, chair of the society, helps visitors navigate family archives
from the 1800s, and earlier. A retired teacher of Gaelic, and a native
speaker, Macsween’s fascination for the past was sparked by a summer job
in a retirement home as a teenager.</p><p>“I would sit and talk to the
old folks at night and hear about their lives and history,” she recalls.
“In school we learned all about kings and queens and the geography of
other places but not of our own Highlands and islands and the history of
it.”</p><p>The subject of her university thesis – the poetry and
history of her home village – was at the time considered not very
academic. Today, it’s what Unesco call “intangible cultural heritage”. </p><p></p><p>With
husband John, a fisherman now retired, she brought up their four sons
as Gaelic speakers. “We made our kitchen an English-free zone,
encouraging them to speak Gaelic naturally.”</p><p>Living in the Gaelic
heartland, where the highest concentration of speakers is found, how
does she feel about new learners with no link to the language? “I spent
my life teaching Gaelic to people from every place under the sun but the
day we lose the natural communities where Gaelic is spoken I think
Gaelic is going to become like Latin,” she says. “It’ll be a dead
language.”</p><p>She sees it as a priority for public funding to support
the language in the areas where it is still spoken – and where there
are a wealth of dialects with their own idioms and sayings.</p><p>“The language is part of me and I would feel I would be losing part of my own being if I wasn’t able to use it,” she says.</p><p>Her
family has farmed locally through the generations for nearly two
centuries. Today, eldest son Donald runs a nearby croft but rather than
fishing or weaving, his other job is presenting <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ptnlc">Farpaisean Chon-Chaorach</a> – a series about sheepdog trials on BBC Alba. Two of his brothers are also in jobs where Gaelic is essential.</p><p>Latest <a href="https://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/44717/gaelic-language-executive-summary-lb-180511.pdf">research</a>
into the Gaelic language labour market identifies the key sectors as
public administration, creative industries, education and tourism. Women
are taking up more of these jobs than men. This is probably because
many new posts are in education, early learning and childcare – sectors
employing a higher proportion of females. The study by Skills
Development Scotland projected that 98,000 new jobs would be created
across the country between 2015 and 2027.</p><p></p><div class="gmail-inline-media gmail-inline-image">
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<a id="gmail-p06g30k6" class="gmail-responsive-image-wrapper gmail-fullsizeable" href="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/6g/30/p06g30k6.jpg"><img title="Scottish Gaelic is classed as ‘definitely endangered’ by UNESCO (Credit: Getty Images)" alt="Scottish Gaelic is classed as ‘definitely endangered’ by UNESCO (Credit: Getty Images)" class="gmail-responsive gmail-landscape" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/6g/30/p06g30k6.jpg" width="" height=""></a><span id="gmail-" class="gmail-icon-wrapper gmail-gel-icon-wrapper gmail-icon-wrapper-fullscreen">
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<div class="gmail-caption-lining">
<p class="gmail-caption-text gmail-caption-body">On UNESCO’s list of imperilled languages Scottish Gaelic is classed as ‘definitely endangered’ (Credit: Getty Images)</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><p></p><p><strong>Celtic guanxi?</strong></p><p>While Gaelic was written out of business for centuries, recent <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309490939_Doing_Business_with_China_The_Irish_Advantage_and_Challenge">research</a>
into Irish Gaelic – closely related to Scottish Gaelic – reveals that
this exclusion brings its own surprising advantages. This is because
Irish and Chinese culture differ to Anglo-American culture in that
business is developed on the basis of personal relationships, rather
than power and money, says Cathal Brugha, professor emeritus in the
School of Business at Ireland’s University College Dublin.</p><p>“Your
typical American trying to do business in China will start by handing
out their business card or Visa card and say ‘I want to buy this’ and
the Chinese person will say ‘I don’t even know you, I will not do
business with someone I don’t know. We’re going to develop a
relationship and then we’re going to do things together’,” he says.</p><p>The Chinese word for this concept is guanxi – which exists in Irish as caidreamh, he says.</p><p>Translated
into English? “You would need almost a paragraph: personal
relationships that involve a certain amount of getting to know each
other and reciprocity and reliance on one another and favour-making and
leaning on the other person when you have a need and remembering that
they owe you something so that you’re going to ask them to do something
maybe in years to come,” says Brugha.</p><p>It's a concept understood
the world over but certainly the Irish Gaelic word is a neat
distillation. So, this summer, when I wander along a beach on the island
of Islay in the Southern Hebrides, and feel the white sand between my
toes, I will think of my forebears and their wealth of words yet unknown
to me.</p></div></div></div></div></div>
<br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
</div>