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<h1>Opinion | Should Indians not learn in their mother tongue?</h1><h2>The government should launch projects to translate all major works in serious sciences, in all the Indian languages</h2><div class="gmail-story-meta" style="margin-top:10px;float:none"><span>Last Published: </span>Wed, Aug 29 2018. 11 32 PM IST</div><div class="gmail-clearfix gmail-border-box"><div class="gmail-author-box"><span><a href="https://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Author/Aditya Kuvalekar">Aditya Kuvalekar</a></span></div><div class="gmail-subscribe-box"><form><input id="emailAddressStory" type="text"></form></div></div><div class="gmail-clearfix"><div class="gmail-content"><div class="gmail-lead-image"><img src="https://www.livemint.com/rf/Image-621x414/LiveMint/Period2/2018/08/30/Photos/Opinion/oped1-kik--621x414@LiveMint-be1c.jpg" alt="Photo: Mint" title="Photo: Mint" class="gmail-img-responsive"><div class="gmail-img-caption">Photo: Mint</div></div><p class="gmail-S5lxb">When
the British came there was, throughout India, a system of communal
schools, managed by the village communities. The agents of the East
India Company destroyed these village communities, and took no steps to
replace the schools; even today... they stand at only 66% of their
number a hundred years ago”, wrote Will Durant in <i>The Case For India </i>in
1930. Indeed, the empire had an enormous effect—mostly destructive—on
Indian education. Probably this is what was required of the British. As
Karl Marx wrote in the <i>New-York Daily Tribune</i> in 1853, “England
has to fulfill a double mission in India: one destructive, the other
regenerating the annihilation of old Asiatic society, and the laying the
material foundations of Western society in Asia.”</p><p id="gmail-U30965655794NPB">There
is a growing debate around the pros and cons of an education system
with English as its medium of instruction. Many believe that English
proficiency is the path towards prosperity and, unfortunately, is viewed
as a sign of expertise. However, a small minority working on the ground
are shedding light on the perils of imposing English as the medium of
instruction over a student’s mother tongue. There are two important
questions here. First, does language of instruction impact learning?
Second, can studying in English medium schools alone increase economic
opportunities? </p><p>A recent paper by Tarun Jain sheds light on the
first one by using the 1956 reorganization of states along linguistic
lines. Before 1956, provinces were formed without regard to
language—some districts (minority districts) fell in provinces where the
official language of the province (also the medium of instruction for
school education) differed from the mother tongue of the majority in the
district. After reorganization, a majority of students were taught in
their mother tongue. Jain finds that, prior to 1956, minority districts
had 18% lower literacy rates and 25% lower middle school completion
rates compared to the majority districts. Post 1956, those districts
began catching up—matriculation growth rate in the minority districts
was 46.8% higher than the majority districts. But the gap was bridged
only by 1991. Evidently, the effect of mismatch in the language of
instruction on learning are persistent. </p><p id="gmail-U30965655794WHD">Rajesh
Ramachandran, an active researcher in this area, studied the effect of a
1994 policy in Ethiopia that introduced mother tongue as the medium of
instruction in primary schooling for the largest ethnic group. He finds
that this policy increased the ability to read by 40% and the
probability of completing primary schooling by 5%. Ramachandran, along
with David D. Laitin from Stanford University, also studied the effect
of language policy on socio-economic development in a paper titled <i>Language Policy And Human Development</i>.
They find a substantial negative relationship between an official
language that is distant from the local indigenous languages and some
indicators like internationally comparable cognitive test scores, life
expectancy, gross domestic product per capita. </p><p>From anecdotal
evidence too, I strongly share the view that mother tongue as medium of
instruction leads to better learning, especially in poor families where
parents often lack the skills to help their children with studies. </p><p id="gmail-U30965655794h9C">We
now come to the second question. What if English medium education
offers vastly superior economic opportunities? Unfortunately, empirical
evidence on this is scarce in India. Typically, children from relatively
affluent families make up the most of the English medium cohorts. If we
find that children from English medium schools earn more, it would be
hard to isolate the effect of their affluent background from the effect
of their English education. In a paper titled <i>Traditional Institutions Meet The Modern World: Caste, Gender, And Schooling Choice In A Globalizing Economy</i>,
Kaivan Munshi and Mark Rosenzweig observe (not the main focus of the
paper), based on a dataset of children in Dadar (Mumbai) from 1982-2001,
that the returns from studying in an English medium school increased
sharply post 1990s. By 2000, the returns to studying in an English
medium school were about 25% higher for both boys and girls, compared to
studying in a Marathi medium school. In another paper called <i>The Returns To English-Language Skills In India</i>, Mehtabul Azam, Aimee Chin and Nishith Prakash argue that the returns to being fluent in English can be as high as 34%. </p><p>These
findings suggest that there may be a real trade-off here. Moving to a
mother tongue medium of instruction may improve learning but at the cost
of earnings. However, it seems, proficiency in spoken English is the
driver of these economic gains. In the Munshi-Rosenzwieg paper, the
difference between the English and Marathi medium schools showed a spike
in economic returns post 1990s—a period of the outsourcing boom in
India. We may have reached the end of this boom. Moreover, the domestic
market is now growing, where English proficiency is not very relevant.</p><p>Also,
even if English proficiency were important, do we know that a mother
tongue medium of instruction necessarily means poor English proficiency?
As someone who studied in a Marathi medium school, I do not share that
view. </p><p>On the question of if and how we should migrate towards a
system with the mother tongue being predominantly the medium of
instruction, we should first note that this obsession with turning the
entire education system into a monolithic English dominant one is far
from being a global phenomenon. From South Korea to Europe, higher
education in sciences is available in<b> </b>local languages. One could
offer explanations why that is infeasible in India. But, at the very
least, the government should seek the opinions of teachers and
educationists from across the country who have worked on these issues
for years. Simultaneously, I would propose that the government should
launch projects to translate all the major works in serious sciences,
such as <i>The Feynman Lectures On Physics</i>, in all Indian languages.
Perhaps in a decade then, we can imagine the possibility of higher
education in sciences in native languages. </p></div></div>
<br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div></div>