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Reshaping language policy in our schools
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<span><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/profile/author/Vishnu-Karthik-22211/" class="gmail-auth-nm gmail-lnk">
Vishnu Karthik
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<img src="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/3x2uj8/article25579757.ece/alternates/WIDE_960/BL24THINKSCHOOL2" alt="" title="Learning the mother tongue pays" class="gmail-media-object gmail-adaptive gmail-placeholder">
<p class="gmail-caption">Learning the mother tongue pays
<span class="gmail-credits"> - THE HINDU</span>
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Encouraging bilingualism in children leads to cognitive benefits, helping them realise their potential in a competitive world </h2>
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<p><span class="gmail-ng_byline_name"></span> English, due to its ‘<em>lingua franca</em>’
status, is an aspiration language for most Indians — for learning
English is viewed as a ticket to economic prosperity and social status. </p><p>Thus
almost all private schools in India are English medium. Many public
schools, due to political compulsions, have the State’s official
languages as the primary school language and English is introduced as a
second language from grade 5 onwards. Some States also mandate learning
of a non-native third language from grade 6. </p><p>This lack of priority to the <em>lingua franca</em> in public schools is one of the major reasons for high enrolment ratios in private schools. </p><p>Proficiency
in English is often correlated with higher educational and social
standing. Given the parent’s preference for English, many private
schools aggressively focus on building English-speaking skills among
children right from nursery grades. Many of these schools adopt a ‘total
English pedagogy’ in which all of formal and informal school
interaction is in English right from nursery grades. Many schools also
discourage the use of native language by completely banning any
conversation in native language.</p><p>Many urban schools encourage
parents to converse in English even at homes, as a result children have a
negative attribute towards their native languages. On the other hand,
government-run public schools, where English is introduced as a second
language from grade 5, put their students at a clear competitive
disadvantage.</p><p>The current practices at the private or public
schools are largely driven by economic compulsions, market demands or
political compulsions but not based on scientific research. </p><p>This
policy of focus on only one language may not be in the best interest of
the child, especially in light of recent research on bilingualism.</p><p>We are born with an innate capacity to learn any language and more than one language. </p><p>Behavioural
studies have also indicated that if children are exposed to two
languages by age 7, then they gain proficiency in both the languages.</p><p>There
is scientific evidence beyond economic or socio-political reasons to
support learning of more than one language. Bilingual has tremendous
cognitive benefits across life spans. Several studies have indicated
that bilingual children have better cognitive benefits over monolingual
children especially on non-verbal tasks, conflict resolution, cognitive
flexibility and other cognitive control tasks. Interestingly, the
cognitive and attention advantage of bilinguals over monolinguals
actually increases with age. Older bilinguals have superior cognitive
control than older monolinguals. </p><p>There is also a linguistic cost
bilinguals pay for their mastery of more than one language. Bilinguals
across life spans tend to divide their linguistic competence across two
languages and hence have a marginally compromised lexical strength and
lexical recall. But there is no variation among mono and bilingual
speakers on the school vocabulary. The variation is only for the home
vocabulary. Since vocabulary size is a strong predictor of academic
success, bilinguals do not have an academic or literacy disadvantage. </p><p>Thus,
despite some linguistic costs paid by bilinguals, they have far greater
cognitive advantage over monolinguals. Thus, bilingualism should be
encouraged in early childhood policy not just for economic reasons or
political compulsions but for cognitive benefits.</p><h2>What schools should do</h2><p>Howard
Gardner says that just like a GPS works with the coordination of three
satellites, children should know at least three languages. Since
language learning is effective when begun early, schools should
encourage ‘everyday’ use of at least two languages right from
kindergarten. The current practice of starting second language in
primary school may not be the best strategy. Schools should strike a
balance between phonology and ‘whole language’ immersion. They should
keep in mind that development of a child’s brain happens in stages and
many a times, a child’s brain may not be fully developed to perceive or
produce language skills. Thus, children should be given freedom to
express their language understanding in the way they want and not
necessarily be restricted to writing and speaking.</p><p>Schools should
actively encourage parents to speak English and their mother tongue
right from the birth of the child. Given the extraordinary focus on
English in the schooling system, parents would be well-advised to speak
in their mother tongue extensively.</p><p>By the time students reach
middle years, the school can have students converse more formally in
English in corridors and classrooms. While parents would do well to
develop mother tongues at home, middle schools must encourage
communication in English to help students develop the skills of spoken
and formal English.</p><p><span class="gmail-ng_tagline_credit">The writer is CEO, Xperiential Learning Systems & Director, The Heritage Group of Schools.</span></p>
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<br>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div></div>