<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail-view_HD_div" style="margin:15px 0px 0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:12px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;width:1220px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,"Noto Sans KR",sans-serif"><div class="gmail-view_headline gmail-HD" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:36px;word-break:keep-all;font-family:"Crimson Text",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,"Noto Serif KR",serif;line-height:41.4px;font-stretch:extra-condensed;float:left;width:1020px">Korea lifts English education ban for first, second graders</div><div class="gmail-date_div" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all;float:left;width:200px"><div class="gmail-view_date" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(86,86,86);word-break:keep-all;float:left;width:200px;text-align:right;line-height:19.2px">Posted : 2019-03-14 15:57</div><div class="gmail-view_date" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(86,86,86);word-break:keep-all;float:left;width:200px;text-align:right;line-height:19.2px">Updated : 2019-03-15 09:42</div></div><div class="gmail-line_w1220_bottom" style="margin:0px;padding:15px 0px 0px;border-width:0px 0px 1px;border-top-style:initial;border-right-style:initial;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-style:initial;border-top-color:initial;border-right-color:initial;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-color:initial;word-break:keep-all;clear:both;width:1220px"></div></div><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:12px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,"Noto Sans KR",sans-serif;clear:both"></div><div class="gmail-view_div" style="margin:20px 0px 0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:12px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;float:none;width:1220px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,"Noto Sans KR",sans-serif"><div class="gmail-right_pane" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px solid rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all"><div id="gmail-floatdiv" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><div id="gmail-sidebar" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><td style="padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></td></tr><tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><td style="padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><div id="gmail-stickyunit" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><ins class="gmail-adsbygoogle" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;width:120px;height:600px"><ins id="gmail-aswift_0_expand" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:none;text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-table;height:600px;width:120px;background-color:transparent"><ins id="gmail-aswift_0_anchor" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:none;text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all;display:block;height:600px;width:120px;background-color:transparent"></ins></ins></ins></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="gmail-view_left_div" style="margin:0px 40px 0px 0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all;float:left;width:60px"><div class="gmail-view_reporter_div" title="Jung Min-ho" style="margin:0px 0px 7px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all;float:left"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/common/morelist.asp?categorycode=704&id=mj6c2" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/upload/reporters_img/Jung_Min-ho.png?123" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></a></div><div class="gmail-view_sns_div" style="margin:0px;padding:10px 14px 0px;border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);word-break:keep-all;float:left;border-radius:5px;text-align:center"><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/03/181_265365.html#" class="gmail-roll" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/ic_mail_on.jpg" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></a></div><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/03/181_265365.html#" class="gmail-roll" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/ic_print_on.jpg" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></a></div><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/03/181_265365.html#" class="gmail-roll" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/ic_fontsize_up_on.jpg" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></a></div><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/03/181_265365.html#" class="gmail-roll" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/ic_fontsize_down_on.jpg" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></a></div></div></div><div class="gmail-view_mid_div" style="margin:0px;padding:0px 40px 0px 0px;border-width:0px 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style:initial;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-style:initial;border-left-style:initial;border-top-color:initial;border-right-color:rgb(234,234,234);border-bottom-color:initial;border-left-color:initial;word-break:keep-all;float:left;width:740px"><div class="gmail-addthis_inline_share_toolbox_jlvg" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all;clear:both"><div id="gmail-atstbx2" class="gmail-at-resp-share-element gmail-at-style-responsive gmail-addthis-smartlayers gmail-addthis-animated gmail-at4-show" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:0px;word-break:keep-all;line-height:0;opacity:1"><span id="gmail-at-abad4843-9921-4363-9efe-309152430c08" class="gmail-at4-visually-hidden" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all;overflow:hidden"></span><div class="gmail-at-share-btn-elements" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><a tabindex="1" class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper gmail-at-share-btn gmail-at-svc-facebook" style="margin:0px 2px 5px;padding:5px;border:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;font-family:"helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(59,89,152);border-radius:6px"><span class="gmail-at4-visually-hidden" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;overflow:hidden"></span><span class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;float:left;line-height:16px;height:16px;width:16px"></span></a><a tabindex="1" class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper gmail-at-share-btn gmail-at-svc-messenger" style="margin:0px 2px 5px;padding:5px;border:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;font-family:"helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(0,132,255);border-radius:6px"><span class="gmail-at4-visually-hidden" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;overflow:hidden"></span><span class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;float:left;line-height:16px;height:16px;width:16px"></span></a><a tabindex="1" class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper gmail-at-share-btn gmail-at-svc-twitter" style="margin:0px 2px 5px;padding:5px;border:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;font-family:"helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(29,161,242);border-radius:6px"><span class="gmail-at4-visually-hidden" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;overflow:hidden"></span><span class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;float:left;line-height:16px;height:16px;width:16px"></span></a><a tabindex="1" class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper gmail-at-share-btn gmail-at-svc-kakao" style="margin:0px 2px 5px;padding:5px;border:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;font-family:"helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(250,185,0);border-radius:6px"><span class="gmail-at4-visually-hidden" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;overflow:hidden"></span><span class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;float:left;line-height:16px;height:16px;width:16px"></span></a><a tabindex="1" class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper gmail-at-share-btn gmail-at-svc-linkedin" style="margin:0px 2px 5px;padding:5px;border:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;font-family:"helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(0,119,181);border-radius:6px"><span class="gmail-at4-visually-hidden" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;overflow:hidden"></span><span class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;float:left;line-height:16px;height:16px;width:16px"></span></a><a tabindex="1" class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper gmail-at-share-btn gmail-at-svc-reddit" style="margin:0px 2px 5px;padding:5px;border:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;font-family:"helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,87,0);border-radius:6px"><span class="gmail-at4-visually-hidden" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;overflow:hidden"></span><span class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;float:left;line-height:16px;height:16px;width:16px"></span></a><a tabindex="1" class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper gmail-at-share-btn gmail-at-svc-compact" style="margin:0px 2px 5px;padding:5px;border:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;font-family:"helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,101,80);border-radius:6px"><span class="gmail-at4-visually-hidden" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;overflow:hidden"></span><span class="gmail-at-icon-wrapper" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;float:left;line-height:16px;height:16px;width:16px"></span><span class="gmail-at4-share-count-container" style="margin:0px;padding:0px 15px 0px 0px;border:0px;font-size:10.2px;word-break:keep-all;float:right;line-height:16px">1.3K</span></a></div></div></div><div style="margin:10px 0px 0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></div><div class="gmail-view_article" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:17px;color:rgb(51,51,51);word-break:keep-all;font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman","Noto Serif KR",Times,serif;line-height:25.5px;width:740px;font-stretch:normal"><div id="gmail-p" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all"><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><div id="gmail-startts" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><table class="gmail-tinymce_table" border="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0px auto;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all;border-collapse:collapse;width:100px"><tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><td style="padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><img src="http://img.koreatimes.co.kr/upload/newsV2/images/201903/6fd608b572f744ce8deb6db86e69e559.jpg/dims/resize/980/optimize" alt="" width="740" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></td></tr><tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><td class="gmail-view_caption" style="padding:5px 7px;border:0px;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:14px;line-height:18.2px;font-family:Calibri,"Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Noto Sans KR",굴림,Gulim,sans-serif;color:rgb(21,21,21);word-break:keep-all;background-color:rgb(245,245,245)">No Elementary school student is too young to learn English. Not anymore. gettyimagesbank</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all">By Jung Min-ho<br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all">Lawmakers have approved an amendment to revert the policy banning English education for first and second graders at elementary schools.<br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all">The National Assembly passed the amendment Wednesday to allow first and second graders to learn English in after-school classes. The move comes only a year after the policy came into force to prohibit all English classes for children "too young to learn a foreign language."<br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all">After introducing the policy, the Ministry of Education was criticized by teachers and parents alike. Many said the policy would only deepen the English gap between the rich and the poor, who cannot afford expensive private education.<br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all">Given that English is not a regular subject for first and second graders, if they want, they will be allowed to learn English in after-school classes from next semester.<br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all">Initially, the ministry defended the policy, saying it was in line with the Constitutional Court's 2016 ruling that found its ban on intensive English education for first and second graders constitutional. The court said teaching them Korean and English simultaneously could hinder their development of Korean proficiency.<br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all">But many scholars were skeptical, saying learning a foreign language at an early age outweighs its negatives ― if there are any ― in the long term.<br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></span></span><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail-view_email_div" style="margin:0px;padding:15px 0px;border-width:1px 0px 0px;border-top-style:dashed;border-right-style:initial;border-bottom-style:initial;border-left-style:initial;border-top-color:rgb(207,207,207);border-right-color:initial;border-bottom-color:initial;border-left-color:initial;word-break:keep-all;float:right;vertical-align:middle"><div class="gmail-view_email" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:13px;color:rgb(51,51,51);word-break:keep-all;line-height:26px"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/ic_article_email.jpg" style="margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"><a href="mailto:mj6c2@koreatimes.co.kr" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all">mj6c2@koreatimes.co.kr</a> <img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/ic_article_list.jpg" style="margin: 0px 10px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/common/morelist.asp?categorycode=704&id=mj6c2" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all">More articles by this reporter</a><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all"></div><div class="gmail-view_email" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:13px;color:rgb(51,51,51);word-break:keep-all;line-height:26px"></div><div class="gmail-view_email" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:13px;color:rgb(51,51,51);word-break:keep-all;line-height:26px"></div></div><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all;clear:both"></div><div align="center" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><a href="http://ktimes.pressreader.com/" target="_blank" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all"><img src="http://img.koreatimes.co.kr/banner/bn_pressreader_w740_20181212.gif/dims/resize/740/optimize" width="740" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></a></div><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><div class="gmail-view_relate_div2" style="margin:20px 0px 50px;padding:0px;border:0px;word-break:keep-all"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/view_tt_related.jpg" width="740" style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"><div class="gmail-new_relate_div2" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:15px;border:1px solid rgb(225,225,225);font-size:17px;color:rgb(51,51,51);word-break:keep-all;clear:both;width:710px;font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman","Noto Serif KR",Times,serif;line-height:26.35px;font-stretch:normal;border-radius:5px"><div class="gmail-new_relate_head" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;font-weight:600"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/03/181_242341.html" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all">Korea wrong to stop teaching English to young children: experts</a></div><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all">The government’s policy to ban English education for children who are “too young” is based on the assumption that teaching them Korean and English simultaneously may hamper their m...</div><div class="gmail-new_relate_div2_Cimg" style="margin:15px 0px 5px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/03/181_242341.html" target="_self" class="gmail-roll" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/bt_showfullarticle_on.jpg" style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></a></div></div><div class="gmail-new_relate_div2" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:15px;border:1px solid rgb(225,225,225);font-size:17px;color:rgb(51,51,51);word-break:keep-all;clear:both;width:710px;font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman","Noto Serif KR",Times,serif;line-height:26.35px;font-stretch:normal;border-radius:5px"><div class="gmail-new_relate_head" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;font-weight:600"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/03/181_242114.html" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all">Tens of thousands of English teachers to lose jobs</a></div><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all">About 7,000 afterschool English teachers at elementary schools will lose their jobs in March when the new policy comes into force for first and second graders. When the Ministry of...</div><div class="gmail-new_relate_div2_Cimg" style="margin:15px 0px 5px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);word-break:keep-all;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/03/181_242114.html" target="_self" class="gmail-roll" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration-line:none;word-break:keep-all"><img src="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www2/img/bt_showfullarticle_on.jpg" style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: keep-all;"></a></div></div></div></div></div><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies                     <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone:  (215) 898-7475<br>Fax:  (215) 573-2138                                      <br><br>Email:  <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a>    <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div></div>