Nice write-up!<br>Are "youth language skills" becoming a political issue in the UK? The fact that "claims that <br> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/5402896.stm" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
contemporary young people</a> are <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,1938314,00.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">failing to live up to</a> the <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3946009.stm" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
standards achieved by their elders</a>" attract readers isn't surprising in and of itself but it's interesting to note that those claims are made, in prominent British media, within a relatively short period of time seems to suggest that there might be a specific social/political significance for language education in the current context of British society.
<br>On the other hand, it might just have to do with the news cycle related to the school calendar.<br>(BTW, my last name is "Enkerli"...)<br><br><div><span class="gmail_quote">On 12/29/06, <b class="gmail_sendername">
Leila Monaghan</b> <<a href="mailto:monaghan@indiana.edu">monaghan@indiana.edu</a>> wrote:</span><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
<div bgcolor="white" text="black">
<h2>Does BBC News cause "technology isolation syndrome"?</h2><br><p>On 15 December 2006, Nate Anderson posted a piece on the online journal <a href="http://arstechnica.com/" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Ars <br> Technica</a> entitled <a href="http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061215-8431.html?tag=nl.e777" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">"Are <br> iPods shrinking the British vocabulary?"
</a> In it, Anderson reports on <br> research by Lancaster University linguistics professor Tony McEnery. According <br> to the Ars Technica report:</p><br><blockquote>McEnery found that one-third of most teenage speech was made up of only 20
<br> common words like "yeah," "no," and "but." This <br> is problematic for teenagers seeking jobs in the corporate world, where at least <br> some level of professionalism is required when communicating with others.
<br><br><br>The report finds that "technology isolation syndrome" is part of <br> the problem. Teenagers spend increasing amounts of time immersed in television, <br> video games, and music from their iPods-activities where they listen rather
<br> than speak. As a result, they don't get much practice at communicating clearly <br> with others, and they aren't exposed to a wide vocabulary.</blockquote><br><br> <p>This appears, on first blush, to be very striking news. Are iPods,
<br>television, and video games destroying young Briton's ability to communicate? <br>Are teenagers' vocabularies shrinking?</p> <br><p>Probably not.</p><br><p>A striking aspect of the Ars Technica report is that it does not link to
<a href="http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/tony/tony.htm" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">McEnery's <br> work at Lancaster University</a>. Instead, it refers to a similarly alarmist
<br> report from <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/6173441.stm" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">BBC <br> News</a>.</p><br><p>The unnamed reporters from the BBC appear to have interviewed Professor McEnery,
<br> and to have consulted a <a href="http://domino.lancs.ac.uk/info/lunews.nsf/r/47f2" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">press <br> release from Lancaster University</a>. According to the BBC report, teens have
<br> an average vocabulary of about 12,600 words, compared to about 21,400 words <br> for young adults aged 25-34. Of particular interest to the BBC reporters is <br> this claim attributed to McEnery: "[The words 'no' and 'but'] occur in
<br> the sequence 'but no' or 'no but' almost twice as frequently in teenage speech <br> as it does in young adult or middle aged speech."</p><br><p>These collocations are of interest since they are used to
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFg8pxxvRjc" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">parody <br> British teen speech</a> in the <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moEyOhZ7B44" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
television <br> program "Little Britain"</a>. The BBC reporters can thus provide 'scientific <br> proof' that the parody reflects reality. They quote linguist McEnery as saying,"When <br> things are funny it is because they ring true with people."
</p><br><p>What, then, should we make of the claims presented by Ars Technica and the <br> BBC? Let me take what I see to be three central claims, each in turn.</p><br><p>1. <i>One third of most teenage speech is made up of twenty common words.
</i> <br> <br><br> This claim is probably true. If so, however, it is utterly unremarkable. As <br> early as 1935, George Kingsley Zipf noted that the most frequent word types <br> in a natural language account for the majority of word tokens. (In corpus linguistics,
<br> <i>type</i> refers to the general category - say, every instance of the word <br> <i>the</i> - while <i>token</i> refers to one instance of the type.) Zipf's <br> law states that the most frequent word will occur twice as often as the second
<br> most frequent, which will occur twice as often as the fourth most frequent, <br> and so on. It is not surprising, then, that a small number of word types accounts <br> for most of the tokens produced.</p><br><p>In fact, in collections of English speech and writing such as the
<a href="http://icame.uib.no/brown/bcm.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Brown <br> Corpus</a> or the <a href="http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
British National Corpus</a> <br> the top twenty words usually account for about a third of all words in the corpus, <br> depending, among other things, on how you define "word".</p><br><p>Linguists <a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003921.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Mark</a> <br> <a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003976.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Liberman</a>, <br> <a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003922.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Geoff <br> Pullum</a>, and <a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003914.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Arnold <br> Zwicky</a> have recently written quite a lot about the treatment of this non-story
<br> by the BBC in their blog, <a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Language <br> Log</a>, including a <a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003926.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
response <br> from Tony McEnery</a>. I'll say no more about it here.</p><br><p>2. <i>Teens have an average vocabulary of 12,600 words, compared to 21,400 <br> words for adults.</i> <br><br> This is a very difficult question to address given the difficulty of defining
<br> <i>vocabulary</i> and <i>words</i>. What does it mean to have an item in one's <br> vocabulary? Does recognizing it in context (called <i>passive vocabulary</i>) <br> count? Or must one be able to speak or write it (called
<i>active vocabulary</i>)? <br> The <i>Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language</i> (Crystal 1995) refers <br> to an apparently unpublished study in which three subjects, an office secretary, <br> a business woman, and a university lecturer, estimated their active and passive
<br> vocabularies by marking the number of headwords in an unspecified dictionary <br> that they recognized and used. The three subjects had estimated active vocabularies <br> of 31,500, 63,000, and 56,250 words, and passive vocabularies of 38,300, 73,350,
<br> and 76,250 words each. It seems clear that McEnery's methods must have differed <br> from that used in this study. </p><br><p>It may seem easy enough simply to count the number of words each subject uses <br> or recognizes. However, this assumes that words are discretely defined, which
<br> is not the case. A single lexeme (the minimal unit of a lexicon) may have multiple <br> forms. The lexeme GO, for instance, has the forms <i>go</i>, <i>goes</i>, <i>gone</i>, <br> and <i>went</i>. Does this count as one word, or four?
</p><br><p>It's not clear how McEnery defined these issues for the purpose of his research. <br> The press release from Lancaster University describing McEnery's study, though, <br> provides a very sensible analysis of the reported difference in vocabulary sizes.
<br> According to the statement, "The research clearly demonstrated that teenagers <br> are still developing their oral communication skills, underlining the need to <br> ensure that they are given appropriate support by schools in doing so."
<br> In other words, those who are currently undertaking secondary education know <br> less than those who have completed high school or even college. This seems utterly <br> commonsensical, though it will probably attract fewer readers than claims that
<br> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/5402896.stm" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">contemporary <br> young people</a> are <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,1938314,00.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
failing <br> to live up to</a> the <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3946009.stm" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">standards <br> achieved by their elders</a>.</p>
<br><p>3. <i>"Technology isolation syndrome," caused by over-use of television, <br> video games, and iPods, is part of the problem.</i><br><br> This is the issue that first got linguistic anthropologists - or at least, some
<br> contributors to this blog - interested in the claims. <a href="http://enkerli.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Alexandre <br> Ekerli</a> suggested that the Ars Technica piece presented a reductionist form
<br> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">linguistic <br> determinism</a>. Ekerli noted that coverage of the study seemed to reiterate
<br> tired 'kids these days' discourses without using the study "as an opportunity <br> to see the actual connections between technological developments, social changes, <br> and language change." It seems that press coverage not only played up the
<br> technology angle - it introduced it.</p><br><p>As with other elements of this story, "technology isolation syndrome" <br> appears to originate not from any academic study, but from the 12 December BBC <br>
piece. The Lancaster University press release makes no mention of the supposed <br> syndrome, and it is not mentioned in any academic studies I can find. A <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22technology%2Bisolation%2Bsyndrome%22&btnG=Google%2BSearch" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Google <br> search</a> for "technology isolation syndrome" finds fewer than 400 <br> references, all apparently variants of the BBC piece.</p><br><p>None of these reports is very close to descriptions of the study by
<a href="http://domino.lancs.ac.uk/info/lunews.nsf/r/47f2" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Lancaster <br> University News</a> or Tony McEnery. (The research itself was carried out for
<br> a private sponsor and is confidential.) In fact, it appears that only one source, <br> the BBC, had any direct contact with McEnery or his research. The other sources, <br> mostly technology-related blogs, relied on the BBC report. That report contains
<br> several quotes from McEnery, which reflect a desire to improve the teaching <br> of speech in British schools. </p><br><p>As the story has moved to technology-blogs, this focus on the teaching of spoken <br> English has largely disappeared. Instead, one off-hand comment gets all the
<br> press: "This trend, known as technology isolation syndrome, could lead <br> to problems in the classroom and then later in life."</p><br><p>Nowhere does McEnery mention television, video games, or iPods. The original
<br> study was, however, based on a corpus of speech (10,000,000 words) plus writing <br> in blogs (100,000 words). This may be the slim foundation on which the edifice <br> of "technology isolation" reporting rests.
</p><br><p>According to <a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003926.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">McEnery</a>, <br> "[The] work itself was widely misrepresented in the press. I wrote a study
<br> looking at difference and, predictably, the press translated that into a discourse <br> of deficiency." He directs interested parties to the Lancaster press release, <br> which he says is "something closer to the spirit of the original report."
</p><br><p>According to that <a href="http://domino.lancs.ac.uk/info/lunews.nsf/r/47f2" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">press <br> release</a>:</p><br><blockquote>New research by Professor Tony McEnery of the Department of Linguistics and
<br> English Language argues that it is important that we remember that teenagers <br> are still developing their linguistic skills not merely in reading and writing, <br> but also in oral communication. Schools need to focus on the development of
<br> speaking skills just as much as they need to focus upon the development of reading <br> and writing.<br><br> ...<br><br> Professor McEnery's research looked at the communication skills of 200 teenagers <br> with an examination of 10,000,000 words of transcribed, naturally occurring
<br> speech from across the UK collated in a language database as well as 100,000 <br> words of data gathered from blogs written by teenagers. The research clearly <br> demonstrated that teenagers are still developing their oral communication skills,
<br> underlining the need to ensure that they are given appropriate support by schools <br> in doing so.</blockquote><br><p>This is sensible enough, with no trace of linguistic determinism, techno-phobia, <br> or the fall of British society. On the other hand, it probably won't sell much
<br> advertising.</p><br><p><font size="2">Crystal, D. 1995. <i>The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English <br> language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br><br> Zipf, G.K. 1935. <i>The psycho-biology of language; an introduction to dynamic
<br> philology</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</font></p> <br><br>--<br><font color="gray" size="2">Posted by Leila Monaghan to <a href="http://linganth.blogspot.com/2006/12/teenage-language-by-chad-nilep.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Linguistic Anthropology</a> at 12/29/2006 03:10:00 PM</font></div>
</blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Alexandre<br><a href="http://enkerli.wordpress.com/">http://enkerli.wordpress.com/</a>