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<FONT FACE="Times New Roman,Times">I believe Modern Irish is a non pro-drop
language, though it behaves quite differently as against both Breton and
Welsh. As a matter of fact, any Irish dialect would use two words to say
both "John sings" (<I>Canann Sean</I>) and "He sings" (<I>Canann sé</I>).
Nevertheless, in certain cases a few southern dialects would obligatorily
use one word to say , e.g. "I sang" (<I>Chanas</I>), while in others (most
of them) two words would be normal (<I>Chan mé</I>), and this is
the reason why Irish is mostly considered a pro-drop language in the literature
(so e.g. in Mc Closkey & Hale, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
1): one cannot even say *<I>chanas mé</I>, as in Italian <I>(io)
cantai</I>, where a subject pronoun is optional, though normally not used,
with an already person-marked (inflected) verb form .</FONT>
<BR><FONT FACE="Times New Roman,Times">Of course one would like to know
what sort of word are such words as <I>sé</I> 'he' and <I>mé</I>
'I'. In fact the third person pronoun is exclusively used as a subject
pronoun cliticized to the verb (the object pronoun is <I>é</I>),
and the same holds for <I>si/i </I>'she/her', <I>siad/iad</I> 'they/them',
and <I>tu/thu</I> 'you' (sg.), while the first person <I>mé</I>
can also be used as object, and enjoys an amount of independence which
is fairly typical of words (it can stay at the end of the sentence;
it can be non-cliticized). As for other pronouns, <I>sibh</I> 'you' (pl.)
behaves like <I>mé</I>, while <I>muid</I> 'we' may be used like
<I>mé</I> or either contrasts with the old 1st pl. pronoun <I>sinn</I>,
used as object. <I>Muid </I>was actually a 1st pl. present verbal <U>ending</U>,
not a pronoun. Thus Irish is actually pro-drop in certain persons of certain
mood/ tenses, and non pro-drop for others. The drift from pro-drop to non
pro-drop in Irish has covered a long span of time and is peculiar in having
generalized third person (both zero and non zero endings) + pronoun pattern
almost without phonological loss of verbal ending (that is, there was no
"need" in this sense for subject pronouns). What is sure is that Irish
has never experienced something similar to a V-2 (as against maybe Welsh),
unless one would want to remember that verb fronting in the Celtic languages
as against the I.E. languages was probably due to a particular version
of Wackernagel's Law. In fact this may have happened prehistorically; historically
speaking, only a few sentence modifiers (interrogative and negative particles,
complementizers) and clefted constituents can stay before the verb
in Irish.</FONT>
<BR><FONT FACE="Times New Roman,Times">For anybody who is interested in
the details of Irish person inflection and its history, there's a vast
literature, though mostly either diachronically or generative oriented,
on which I would be glad to give further information (my own PhD
Diss. deals on the subject from a diachronic point of view).</FONT>
<BR><FONT FACE="Times New Roman,Times">Elisa Roma</FONT>
<BR><FONT FACE="Times New Roman,Times">Unoversity of Pavia/ Torino</FONT>
<BR><FONT FACE="Times New Roman,Times">P.S. I apologize for not being able
of properly write Irish <I>fadas</I> (long-vowel marks) where required:
<I>si</I> has a long <I>i</I> and S<I>ean</I> has a long <I>a</I>.</FONT>
<P>stassen ha scritto:
<BLOCKQUOTE TYPE=CITE>These are two serious questions. I would really like
to know whether
<P>a) there are any Non- ProDrop languages outside Germanic/French, and
<P>b) there are any Verb-Second languages outside Continental Germanic?
<P>Help me.
<P>Leon Stassen.</BLOCKQUOTE>
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