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<div>I have not-very-good examples of both types of language
(languages where only subject can be relativized and languages where
the object but not the subject can be relativized. Both of these
examples are from Salishan languages, but neither of these show any
signs of ergativity (as do some of their relatives).</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>The first language is Lushootseed, where if both subject and
object are third person only the subject can be relativized (there is
data given in a paper that just came out in Studies in Language (24-2)
if people want the details). However, this seems to be a pragmatic
rather than a grammatical restriction -- I have found a few examples
in texts where an animate object is relativized when the subject is
inanimate and the verb denotes a volitional act, so I suspect the
restriction is based on the lack of case-marking in the language that
would disambiguate the grammatical roles of two third persons under
relativization.</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>The second example is from Bella Coola (Nuxalk), where (again,
only if both subject and object of the relative are third person),
subject-centred RCs take a special set of pronominal endings (I'll
send this data, though I'm sure it will come out a mess):</div>
<div><br></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><u>Bella Coola</u></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000">(i)<x-tab>
</x-tab>(a)<x-tab> </x-tab></font><font
face="Linguaphon" size="+2"
color="#000000">ti+nus?uulX<x-tab>
</x-tab>ti+k'x+t<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>ti+?aq'wlikw+tx</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>D+thief<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>D+see+3SG:3<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+policeman+D<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>'the thief who saw the policeman'</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab>(b)<x-tab> </x-tab></font><font
face="Linguaphon" size="+2"
color="#000000">ti+nus?uulX<x-tab>
</x-tab>ti+k'x+tan<x-tab>
</x-tab>wa+?aq'wlikw+c</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>D+thief<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>D+see+3PL:3<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+policeman+D<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>'the thief who saw the policemen'</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab>(c)<x-tab> </x-tab></font><font
face="Linguaphon" size="+2"
color="#000000">wa+nus?uulX<x-tab>
</x-tab>wa+k'x+t<x-tab>
</x-tab>ti+?aq'wlikw+tx<br>
</font><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>D+thief<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>D+see+3SG:3<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+policeman+D<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>'the thieves who saw the policeman'</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab>(d)<x-tab> </x-tab></font><font
face="Linguaphon" size="+2"
color="#000000">wa+nus?uulX<x-tab>
</x-tab>wa+k'x+tan<x-tab>
</x-tab>wa+?aq'wlikw+c<br>
</font><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>D+thief<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>D+see+3PL:3<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+policeman+D<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>'the thieves who saw the policemen'<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>(Davis & Saunders 1997: 99)</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000">(cf.<x-tab>
</x-tab>(e)<x-tab> </x-tab></font><font
face="Linguaphon" size="+2"
color="#000000">k'x+is+kw<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>ta+Ò©msta+tX</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>see+3SG:3SG+QTV<x-tab> </x-tab>D+person+D<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>'the person saw it'<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>(Davis & Saunders 1980: 13, line 89)</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab>(f)<x-tab> </x-tab></font><font
face="Linguaphon" size="+2" color="#000000">k'x+tis+kw+tuu<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>ta+sissi+c+tX</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>see+3PL:3SG+QTV+and<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+uncle+D</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>'and my uncle saw them'<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>(Davis & Saunders 1980: 59, line 5))</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000">The RCs in (ia) -
(d) make use of a different set of pronominal suffixes than are used
in (e) and (f) and in the object-centred RCs) in
(ii)</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><u>Bella Coola</u></font></div>
<div><font face="Linguaphon" size="+2"
color="#000000">(ii)<x-tab> </x-tab></font><font
face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000">(a)<x-tab>
</x-tab></font><font face="Linguaphon" size="+2"
color="#000000">k'x+it<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>ti+?imlk<x-tab>
</x-tab>ti+qup'+cs+tx</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>see+3SG:3PL<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+man<x-tab> </x-tab>D+punch+1SG:3SG+D<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>'they see the man who is punching me'</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>(Davis & Saunders 1978: 46)</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><u><br></u></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab>(b)<x-tab> </x-tab></font><font
face="Linguaphon" size="+2"
color="#000000">?alhk'yuk+ilh<x-tab>
</x-tab>ti+?imlk<x-tab>
</x-tab>ti+qup'+¬+is<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>ci+xnas+cx</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>know+3SG:1PL<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+man<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+punch+PERF+3SG:3SG<x-tab>
</x-tab>D+woman+D<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>'we know the man who the woman punched'</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2"
color="#000000"><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab><x-tab>
</x-tab>(Davis & Saunders 1978: 49)</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000">Unlike the
ordinary pronominal suffixes, these affixes show number agreement only
for the direct object and not the syntactic subject. Nater (1984: 38)
refers to them as participial endings, though to be honest it is not
clear that the "participles" are non-finite (if that term
has any meaning in Salishan languages). Kroeber (1999: 288ff) has a
good discussion of the historical provenance of these
constructions.</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000">For those
interested, the works cited for Bella Coola are:</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000">Davis, Philip W.,
& Saunders, Ross. (1998). The place of Bella Coola (Nuxalk) in a
typology of the relative clause. In Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins & M.
Dale Kinkade (Eds.),<i> Salish languages and linguistics</i>, 219 -
34. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000">Kroeber, Paul D.
(19991).<i> The Salish language family</i>. University of Nebraska
Press.</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000">Nater, Hank F.
(1984).<i> The Bella Coola language</i>. Ottawa: National Museum of
Man.</font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Palatino" size="+2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div>-- <br>
=====================================================================<span
></span>=========<br>
David Beck<br>
Assistant Professor<br>
Department of Linguistics <br>
University of Alberta<br>
4-45 Assiniboia Hall<br>
Edmonton, AB T6G 2E7<br>
office: (780) 492-0807<br>
FAX: (780) 492-0806<br>
e-mail: dbeck@ualberta.ca<br>
homepage: http://www.ualberta.ca/~dbeck<br>
<br>
Man has such a predilection for systems
and abstract deductions that he<br>
is ready to distort the truth
intentionally, he is ready to deny the<br>
evidence of his senses in order to
justify his logic.<br>
<br>
<span
></span
> <span
></span
> <span
></span> -- Dostoyevsky, Notes from the Underground</div>
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