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<div>NOTE: I sent this yesterday, but seem to have done so only to
Paolo Ramat. It might be of some interest to others, so I'm
resending. In the meantime, Scott DeLancy has posted his note on
"need" which does indeed seem relevant to what follows.
Apologies for ant double posting,</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>Jim Gair</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>In this connection One might consider here the English (mainly
British, as far as I am aware) use of "want" in expressions
like "this wall wants mending". The connection here with
"want" as lack/deficiency as well as desire is interesting
and suggestive of what may be involved in the other cases as
well.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>In that connection also think of situations like Sinhala<i>
oona</i>/<i>oonę</i>, which generally indicates "want"
with a dative subject and an infinitival or nominal, but
"necessary' with no subject (though the case is a bit more
complicated semantically, and the "no subject" one, as my
choice of phrase suggests, is subject to a possible analysis as a
having a null dative subject). With a
nominative(apparent) subject and an infinitive, the sense is
generally "must", but there is reason for interpreting this
type as having an infinitival sentential subject with the nominal
being the subject of the infinitival clause.(overt subjects of
infinitives in Sinhala are indeed possible, and occur in a number of
constructions)</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>Thus:</div>
<div><i>maTa ee perahęra balanna oona</i> 'i want to see that
procession'</div>
<div><i>ee węDa ikmanaTa karanna oona</i> 'that work needs to be
done quickly'</div>
<div><i>(gedara yanna issella) mama ee węDa karanna oona</i>
'(before going home) I must do that work.</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>In Sri Lankan Tamil, and as far as I know,in Indian varieties as
well, the form<i> veeNum </i> Lit<i> veeNTum</i>) with a
dependent infinitive, has a range including "want' and
"must", but with a nominative subject only,so that it lacks
the associated case contrast found in Sinhala (it may however have a
dative subject with a nominal rather than an infinitive. This can be
pursued in other Dravidian languages as well.</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>This may be more than anyone wanted, but I will also add a
Bibliographical Note: The Sinhala dative subject structures with<i>
oona</i> have been treated in a number of places, perhaps
most concisely in the James W. Gair and John Paolillo<i> Sinhala</i>
sketch in the Lincom series. The contrast with the nominal subject
ones have been described in various places, including the Fairbanks,
Gair and De Silva basic textbook<i> Colloquial Sinhalese
(Sinhala)</i> and the J.W. Gair 1998 volume<i> Studies in South Asian
Linguistics</i> from OUP, esp Chapter 3. , The justification for a
sentential subject analysis for the latter type has, however,
appeared as far as I know only in a paper of mine on control in
Sinhala presented at a workshop and awaiting publication.</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>For Sri Lankan Tamil see J.W. Gair, S.Suseendirajah and W.S.
Karunatillake<i> An Introduction to Spoken (Sri Lanka) Tamil</i>.
University of Sri lanka External Services Agency 1978, but out of
print at present. (though I have a few copies).</div>
<div>For Indian Tamil, there are several sources on these
structures. Among them, Thomas Lehmann's<i> A Grammar of
Modern Tamil</i> (Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and
Culture-1989 gives a concise and clear description with
examples.</div>
<div><br></div>
<div><br></div>
<div>James W. Gair</div>
<div><br></div>
<div><br></div>
<div><br></div>
<div><br></div>
<div><br></div>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial" size="-1">Dear
LINGTYP users,</font></blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial" size="-1">in the
substandard variety of Sardinian Italian the following construction
is used:</font></blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial" size="-1"><i> la
casa vuole pagata; questo vuole fatto</i> , litt. "the house
wants paid" i.e. "the house has to be/must be paid".
This is the italianization of a Sardinian dialect construction:
Campidanese<i> su domu boliri pagara</i> "the house has to
be/must be paid"<i>; kustu boli fattu "</i>this has to be
done".</font></blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial" size="-1">A parallel
construct is attested in Pantelleria (Sicilian dialect):<i>stu mśru
si voli autigghiari</i> "this wall has to be/must be
elevated"</font></blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial"
size="-1"> </font><br>
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial"
size="-1">(18) " It
has been suggested that this deontic use of the verb
"will,want" is of Arabic origin: Malti . <i> dan
il-hajt irid joghla (</i>diacritics omitted) "this
the-wall wants elevated".</font><br>
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial"
size="-1"
>
Is it a particular feature of some Mediterranean
languages or does anyone know of other instances
of this use of "will"?</font></blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><br></blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial"
size="-1"
> <span
></span> Many thanks for your
suggestions.</font><br>
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial" size="-1">D</font><br>
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial"
size="-1"> </font><br>
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial"
size="-1">(21</font><br>
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial"
size="-1"> </font><br>
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial"
size="-1">*****************************************<span
></span>********<br>
Prof. Paolo Ramat<br>
Dipartimento di Linguistica<br>
Universitą di Pavia<br>
Tel: +39 0382 504484</font></blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" cite><font face="Arial" size="-1">Fax: +39
0382 504487<br>
*****************************************<span
></span>********</font></blockquote>
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