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At 11:18 16.12.2002 +0000, Daniel Everett wrote:<br><br>
<blockquote type=cite class=cite cite>On Monday, December 16, 2002, at
11:21 am, Jan Terje Faarlund wrote: <br><br>
<blockquote type=cite class=cite cite><font face="Arial, Helvetica">For</font>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica">their</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">language</font>, <font face="Arial, Helvetica">they</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">simply</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">use</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">the</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">word</font> '<font face="Arial, Helvetica">ode</font>' (=<font face="Arial, Helvetica">language</font>), <font face="Arial, Helvetica">and</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">they</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">refer</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">to</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">themselves</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">as</font> '<font face="Arial, Helvetica">ode</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">püt</font>' (=<font face="Arial, Helvetica">language</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">people</font>), <font face="Arial, Helvetica">or</font> '<font face="Arial, Helvetica">chabyajpabü</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">ode</font>' (= <font face="Arial, Helvetica">those</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">who</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">speak</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">the</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">language</font>). <font face="Arial, Helvetica">This</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">latter</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">term</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">may</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">also</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">be</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">used</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">to</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">refer</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">to</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">indigenous</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">people</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">in</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica">general</font>. <br><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" size=2>Jan Terje Faarlund <br><br>
</font></blockquote><br><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica">The last line is interesting. I would bet that the extension of this term is one of the consequences of redefining identity, the matter of 'becoming Indian', forced upon many indigenous peoples since the 'conquest'. I often find, in such cases, that in texts and some other very specific environments that terms like this have two references: a very specific one to the people in question and a wider one including other indigenous people when contrasted (implicitly or explicitly) with 'whites' or 'civilizados', etc. Is this correct with the Zoque? <br><br>
Dan <br>
</font></blockquote><br>
I think this is precisely the point. Consider the two following examples (in different dialects), from interviews with Zoque activists, printed in the journal "Nuestra sabiduría" (no. 16, 1999), which publishes material in the indigenous languages of Chiapas with Spanish parallel texts. The interviews were done in Spanish, and transalated into Zoque. I give first the Spanish phrase, then the Zoque translation, with a morpheme-by-morpheme translation:<br><br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>(1)<x-tab> </x-tab>mis compańeros indígenas zoques<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab>de ode tsab-yaj-pa-bü pün-da'm<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab>the language speak-PL-IMPERF-REL person-PL<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>(2)<x-tab> </x-tab>los pueblos indígenas poséen conocimientos<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab>te' ore-tsap-yaj-pa-bü kubgu'y-is-tam ńüijt-yaj-u mujso-kyu-tyam<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab>the language-speak-PL-IMPERF-REL village-ERG-PL have-PL-ASP know-ledge-PL<br><br>
In both examples a word/phrase meaning 'those who speak the language' is used, in (1) as an epithet to 'person' to translate 'compańeros indígenas zoques', in (2) as an epithet to 'village' to translate 'indígenas'. <br><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica">Jan Terje Faarlund<br><br>
<br><br>
</font><blockquote type=cite class=cite cite>******************** <br>
Dan Everett <br>
Professor of Phonetics and Phonology <br>
Department of Linguistics <br>
University of Manchester <br>
Oxford Road <br>
Manchester, UK <br>
M13 9PL <br>
Phone: 44-161-275-3158 <br>
Department Fax: 44-161-275-3187 <br>
<a href="http://lings.ln.man.ac.uk/">http://lings.ln.man.ac.uk/</a> <br><br>
<br>
</blockquote></x-html> </blockquote>
<x-sigsep><p></x-sigsep>
Professor Jan Terje Faarlund<br>
Universitetet i Oslo<br>
Institutt for nordistikk og litteraturvitskap<br>
Postboks 1013 Blindern<br>
N-0315 Oslo (Norway)<br><br>
Tel. (+47) 22 85 69 49 (office)<br>
(+47) 22 12 39 66 (home)<br>
Fax (+47) 22 85 71 00</html>