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<DIV><FONT face=Arial>In connection i) with Björn Wiemer's query on
languages which are named by their own speakers as "our speech/language", ii)
with the interesting information given by Östen Dahl's on <EM>meänkieli
</EM>as<EM> </EM>a minority <EM>kieli</EM> which, spoken in theTorne valley
in Northern Sweden, has recently been officially recognized, and iii) with my
own remark that there are many languages which correspond to what Björn is
looking for, it may be useful to recall two further cases, besides Guarani,
which I mentioned in my message (15 Dec.), and Siriono, mentioned by
Östen. One is what Greek linguists refer to as "Slavonic Macedonian" (for the
obvious reason that when the Greeks are speaking of Macedonia, they mean a part
of Greece, and won't refer to the Republik of Macedonia (formerly one of
the six federal republics of Socialist Yugoslavia) without adding
"Slavonic". This language, still spoken in northern Greek villages between
Thessaloniki and the Macedonian and Bulgarian borders, is one of the
endangered languages in Europe today. It is referred to by its older users (most
of them bilinguals (with Greek as the language used outside family
relationships) ) as "Bulgarian" sometimes, but mostly as <EM>ta dhikā mas
</EM>which, in Greek, exactly means, literally, "the one of us, that which
belongs to us"; the term for "language" is not used here because the neutral
plural in <EM>-a</EM>, in this case, necessarily refers in modern Greek to
the language, as in <EM>milate anglika</EM>; <EM>"</EM>do you speak
English?" The other case is represented by a community of which many members
precisely happened to live in Thessaloniki before their extermination by the
Nazis in 1944: descendents of the Spanish Jews expelled from Spain by the
Catholic Kings in 1492, and who refer to the archaic Judeo-Castilian they speak
(generally called "djudesmo") as <EM>lo muestro. </EM>In this language,
<EM>m- </EM>in <EM>muestro</EM> corresponds to Castilian
<EM>n- </EM>in <EM>nuestro </EM>"our, ours". Therefore, <EM>lo muestro
</EM>means, exactly, "ours, the one (sc. language) of us".</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial> Interestingly, a people may also refer to
itself (not exactly to its language) as "alien" rather than as "self".
It may also use both designations. Indo-Europeans referred to themselves
either as "self" or as "other". "Self" was found in the name of the
Samnites, in which <EM>Samn</EM> is in all likelihood from <EM>*swe+*bh
-no-,</EM> and in the old name of Sweden, o.Sw. <EM>swe:-ri:ke
</EM>"realm of self"<EM> > </EM>mod. <EM>Sverige </EM>(Östen will
correct me if I am mistaken). "other" is found in the vey name of the Aryans,
from skr. <EM>ā:rya </EM>"other". By referring to themselves in this way,
they meant that they had come from a territory different from the one they
had conquered (cf. Pokorny, Thurneysen, Thieme, and the Gaulish tribe Allobroges
(="(from) another territory" in which the root, *<EM>alyo</EM>-, corresponds to
Eastern <EM>ā:rya</EM>) ). According to another hypothesis, which is not
backed up by convincing arguments, and which is explicitly rejected by
Benveniste, the Aryans were so called because they were the best: cf. Greek
<EM>ari- </EM>in <EM>āristos</EM>. I won't insist on the implications of such a
hypothesis and what it is reminiscent of with respect to the 1933-1945
period. Anyway, this leads us fairly far from "our language", although the
topics are not unrelated!</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>Best, Claude.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Claude Hagčge<BR><A
href="mailto:claude.hagege@free.fr">claude.hagege@free.fr</A></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>