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<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">Dear Roland, dear all,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><U>Araki</U>, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu
(with about 3 speakers left), has two ways to mark tense-aspect-mood
on NPs [and I believe several other Oceanic languages behave the
same].</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<UL>
<LI><FONT face="Book Antiqua">When they form an NP which is not in predicate
position (=argument, complement of prepositions...), nouns <U>cannot</U>
bear any TAM marker (contrary to Tupi-Guarani):</FONT></LI></UL>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=4>BUT</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><FONT
color=#008080><STRONG>1</STRONG>)</FONT> Araki lacks any copula, in such
a way that nouns are directly predicative; most of the time, this
involves a time-less equational predicate (bare noun, without TAM
marking):</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><FONT size=4><STRONG><EM>Nia
moli.</EM></STRONG> <BR></FONT>/[free.pronoun]3sg/chief/ <BR>'he
is (a/the) chief.'</FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">but if the noun predicate is for some
reason not "time-stable" (e.g. change of social status, change
of identity...), then the noun will directly be marked in
Tense-Aspect-Mood, just like verbs
<BR>(here <EM><STRONG>co</STRONG> </EM>is a subject clitic =
portmanteau morpheme Person+Mood realis;
<STRONG><EM>pa</EM></STRONG> is an tense-aspect marker for
Future):</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><FONT size=4><STRONG><EM>(Nia) <U>co
pa</U> MOLI.</EM></STRONG> <BR></FONT>/[free.pronoun]3sg/
[subject.clitic]<STRONG>3sg:Irrealis</STRONG>/<STRONG>FUT</STRONG>/chief/<BR>'he will
be a/the chief.' <BR>(lit. he will
chief.)</FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">or </FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><STRONG><EM><FONT size=4>(Nia) <U>mo
re</U> MOLI mo iso.</FONT></EM></STRONG>
<BR>/3sg/<STRONG>3sg:Realis</STRONG>/<STRONG>PFT</STRONG>/chief/
3sg:Realis/finish/<BR>'he is already a/the chief.'
<BR>(lit. he has already chief-ed.)</FONT></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">In this type of construction, nouns take the
same slot as verbs, demonstrably without ceasing to be nouns. This is a
context where several Oceanic languages perfectly allow TAM-marking on
nouns -- although, to be precise, this is limited to the predicate
position (<STRONG><EM>*Co pa moli</EM></STRONG> cannot be used as an
NP "the future chief").</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">Another language on which I have detailed
evidence for this 'TAM-sensitiveness of nouns' is <U>Mwotlap</U> (also
Vanuatu): see discussion in François (2003: 47-75). I can give you more
examples of Mwotlap if you wish. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">Finally, you should also have a look at
Polynesian languages, which as far as I know allow quite different
constructions that combine TAM with nouns (knowing that the distinction
between nouns and verbs is even problematic for some of these Polynesian
languages!)</FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face="Book Antiqua">I'm not insisting here, since I'm afraid
this is not exactly the sort of "tense-marked NPs" you were asking for (or is
it?)…</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><FONT color=#008080><STRONG>2</STRONG>)</FONT>
closer to your query, Araki (not Mwotlap) has the possibility of coding TAM
inside NPs even outside the predicate position, provided it has a
numeral. Indeed, numerals in this language behave like (or better said:
form a subset of) verbs, which means that a NP with a numeral will
necessarily be marked in (Tense-Aspect)-Mood [without the need for a relative
structure, contrary to verbs]. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">Most of the time, this takes the form of a (3
singular) subject clitic, either Realis or Irrealis. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">Generally speaking, there seems to
be some sort of mood agreement between the main verb and the mood of its
surrounding NPs (relevant NP is bracketed):</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><FONT size=4><STRONG><EM><U>Nam</U>
inu-mi-a </EM></STRONG>[<STRONG><EM>LASA ai <U>mo</U>
dua</EM></STRONG>]<STRONG><EM>.</EM></STRONG></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"
size=2>/1sg:<STRONG>Realis</STRONG>/drink-TRansitiviser-3sg/cup/water/<STRONG>3sg:Realis</STRONG>/two/</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">'I drank two glasses of water' <BR><FONT
size=2>lit. I REALIS-drink glasses of water
REALIS-two</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=4><STRONG><EM>Nam de
<U>na</U> inu </EM></STRONG>[<STRONG><EM>re LASA ai
<U>co</U> dua</EM></STRONG>]<STRONG><EM>.</EM></STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=2>/1sg:Realis/say/
1sg:<STRONG>Irrealis</STRONG>/drink/
PARTitive /cup/water/<STRONG>3sg:Realis</STRONG>/two/</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">'I'd like to drink two glasses of
water' <BR><FONT size=2>lit. I say
I IRREALIS-drink some glasses of water
IRREALIS-two</FONT></FONT></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">Interestingly, the contrast Realis/Irrealis on
numerals is directly correlated with referentiality of the NP (François
2002: 58): basically Realis NPs are <STRONG>[+ref]</STRONG>,
irrealis NPs are <STRONG>[-ref]</STRONG>. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">But discrepancies between mood
marking of the predicate vs. the NP are also attested: (François
2002: 110):</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">
<DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><FONT size=4><STRONG><EM><U>Na</U> pa sivo
lesi-a </EM></STRONG>[<STRONG><EM>racu <U>mo</U> hese
hosun</EM></STRONG>]<STRONG><EM>.</EM></STRONG></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua"
size=2>/1sg:<STRONG>Irrealis</STRONG>/FUT/go.down/see-3sg/man/<STRONG>1sg:Realis</STRONG>/one/here/</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">'I will go and have a look at that man over
there.' <BR>lit. I IRREALIS go look the man REALIS-one
there</FONT></DIV></DIV></FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">In my view, this is directly linked with the
referentiality/specificity of the referent. This can have interesting semantic
effects on the interpretation of the whole NP/sentence, e.g. (François 2002:
55):</FONT></DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">
<DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=4><STRONG><EM>Nam dogo
<U>na</U> pa vavere
</EM></STRONG>[<STRONG><EM>lo vere <U>mo</U>
hese</EM></STRONG>]<STRONG><EM>.</EM></STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=2>/1sg:Realis/feel/
1sg:<STRONG>Irrealis</STRONG>/FUT/sing/
OBL/song/<STRONG>3sg:Realis</STRONG>/one/</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=2>lit. I feel
I IRREALIS-sing a song REALIS-one</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>'I want to sing a (specific) song <BR>= <U>There is a (specific)</U>
song I'd like to sing.'</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><FONT face=Verdana size=2>
<DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=4><STRONG><EM>Nam dogo
<U>na</U> pa vavere
</EM></STRONG>[<STRONG><EM>lo vere <U>co</U>
hese</EM></STRONG>]<STRONG><EM>.</EM></STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=2>/1sg:Realis/feel/
1sg:<STRONG>Irrealis</STRONG>/FUT/sing/
OBL/song/<STRONG>3sg:Irrealis</STRONG>/one/</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua">lit. I feel
I IRREALIS-sing a song IRREALIS-one</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=3>lit. 'I want to sing a
(non-specific) song that should be one.'<BR>= 'I feel I will sing one
song (<U>only one song, whatever it
is</U>)'</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face="Book Antiqua"><EM>References</EM>: </FONT></DIV><FONT
face="Book Antiqua" size=4>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Verdana size=2>François, Alexandre (2002). <I>Araki. A
disappearing language of Vanuatu</I>. Pacific Linguistics, 522. Canberra:
Australian National University.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Verdana size=2>-– (2003). <I>La sémantique du prédicat
en mwotlap (Vanuatu)</I>. Collection Linguistique de la Société de
Linguistique de Paris, 84. Paris, Louvain: Peeters.</FONT></FONT><FONT
face="Book Antiqua"></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face="Book Antiqua">Hope this is of interest for your
study,</FONT></DIV></FONT><FONT face="Book Antiqua">
<DIV dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">Best regards</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"><FONT
face="Book Antiqua"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"><FONT face="Book Antiqua">Alex
François.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Book Antiqua" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV align=right> </DIV>
<DIV align=right><FONT size=1>***********************<BR>Alex François<BR>LACITO
- CNRS<BR>7 rue Guy Môquet<BR>F - 94801 Villejuif<BR> FRANCE<BR>tel.
prof. +33 (0)1.49.58.37.48.<BR>tel.
priv./fax +33 (0)1.46.30.34.02.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=right><FONT size=1></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV align=right><FONT size=1>email <</FONT><A
href="mailto:Alexandre.Francois@vjf.cnrs.fr"><FONT
size=1>Alexandre.Francois@vjf.cnrs.fr</FONT></A><FONT
size=1>><BR> <BR></FONT><A
href="http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/personnel/francois.htm"><FONT
size=1>http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/personnel/francois.htm</FONT></A></DIV></BODY></HTML>