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<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=341193805-16032005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>Dear Wolfgang,</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=341193805-16032005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=341193805-16032005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>Thanks for your thoughtful reply. I think you are on the
right track in looking for cognitive operations that lead to this interesting
grammatical phenomenon. I would only comment on your proposal that I think the
locational construct is not X is THERE but X is HERE, because it is the absence
from a proximate speech situation that I think would be more typical than from a
distal one.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=341193805-16032005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=341193805-16032005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>With regards,</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=341193805-16032005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>Matthew</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Mr Matthew Anstey<BR>Charles Sturt
University, School of Theology, Academic Associate<BR>Free University,
Amsterdam, PhD candidate</SPAN> </P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0pc 0pc 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">St Mark's
National Theological Centre<BR>15 Blackall St<BR>Barton ACT
2600<BR>Australia<BR><BR>Ph: +61 (0)2 6273 1572<BR>Fax: +61 (0)2 6273
4067<BR>Email: <A href="mailto:manstey@csu.edu.au">manstey@csu.edu.au</A></SPAN>
<BR><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Web:</SPAN> <SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
href="http://www.stmarksntc.org.au/html/staff/anstey.html">http://www.stmarksntc.org.au/html/staff/anstey.html</A></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV><BR>
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<FONT face=Tahoma size=2><B>From:</B> Discussion List for ALT
[mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Wolfgang
Schulze<BR><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, March 10, 2005 8:40 PM<BR><B>To:</B>
LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [FUNKNET]
grammaticalization of negatives/interrogatives<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS">Dear Matthew,<BR><BR>many thanks for
having drawn our attention to the Semitic data. I do not want to comment upon
them here (I leave it to comparative semitologists, as you did). Still, let me
stress that the strong correlation between negation and interrogation
strategies you have mentioned seems to be crucial for the understanding of
either of them in many languages. <BR></FONT>
<BLOCKQUOTE
cite=midA1FEBDC86A97834A81AF772FBB728CE1022FE70E@xcww01.riv.csu.edu.au
type="cite"><PRE wrap=""><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS">Many semitic languages show a probable development from an interrogative particle of place "where is ...?" to an negative existential "there is not ...". Similar to English, "Where's Pete?" that implies "Pete is not here".</FONT></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE><FONT
face="Arial Unicode MS">Note that in your example you describe the 'emergence'
of 'constituent questions', based on a negated (locational) existential
construction. Hence, we can state a common 'relational' (verbal) concept
{BE=NOT=THERE ~ BE=WHERE}. Some folks have claimed that the underlying
strategy is 'verificational': Accordingly, cognition gets into a state of
hypothesizing that the applicability of a {X is THERE} pattern is justified:
The actual input however does not stimulate the activiation of this pattern,
leading to a 'negation' {it is NOT that X is THERE}. The 'tension' between
these two cognitive 'states' provokes a verificational strategy, in case the
'pre-input 'hypothesis {X is THERE} is strong enough. Cognition now
'expresses' its hypothesis (where ever it may have come from) more than it
simply 'asserts' the 'negative state'. From this we can assume that in case
both strategies are linguistically encoded with the help of a common strategy,
the 'verificational' version should include additional 'markers' that refer to
the underlying 'hypothesis' {X is THERE}. <BR><BR>Therefore, we can draw the
following picture (VER:FOC = Verificational Focus)<BR><BR>{X is NOT
THERE} > ASSERTION<BR>{X is NOT THERE} x
VER:FOC > QUESTION [e.g. Intonation, Q-particles
etc.]<BR><BR>Naturally, it also can go the other way round (ASS =
Assertion)<BR><BR>{X is NOT THERE} x ASS > ASSERTION [e.g.
assertive particles]<BR>{X is NOT THERE} > QUESTION [+ speech act related
strategies]<BR><BR>Likewise, both strategies can be combined, or both focal
strategies are lacking. Nevertheless, this correlation obviously is restricted
to Constituent Questions that focus on location (or its metaphorization).
Another option seems to be based on the concept of WHAT: Compare the following
examples from Arabic:<BR><BR>mâ
katab-tu
risâlat-a-n<BR>not:perf
write:perf.1sg:perf letter-acc-ndef<BR>'I did not write a
letter.'<BR><BR>mâ huwa
sabab-u
sm-i-hi
l-gharîb-i ?<BR>what he/it reason-nom
name-gen-3sg:poss:m art-strange-gen<BR>'What's the reason for its
strange name?' <BR><BR>Let's assume that the two mâ's are synonymous (which is
from being clear from a diachronic point of view): Can we claim that the
negation particle mâ stems from WHAT? Maybe, that here, the story goes the
other way round: If we interpret *mâ as some kind of 'it is NOT that', the
concept WHAT may have emerged from something like *'isn't(?)' [a tag]. Hence,
the second phrase would read: *'Isn't (there) a reason for its strange name'
> '[yes, there is], ......'. I know, this analysis is more a guess than
anything else; it goes against the standard assumption that terms for WHAT
often are derived from indefinite (dummy) nouns ('thing' etc.), or from
deictic terms marked for interrogation. Still, at least for Arabic, none of
these two grammaticalizations paths holds. A superficially parallel type is
given e.g. in Udi (and Eastern Caucasian language (which couriously makes use
of an element ma, too): <BR><BR>s^uk'al-ax
yaq'-al ma
tad-a-nan salam<BR>anyone-dat2
way-super proh give-mod-2pl greeting<BR>'Do not greet
anyone on the road!'<BR><BR>ma-q'un
lax-e s^o-t'-ux?<BR>where-3pl
lay-perf he-sa-dat2<BR>'Where did they lay him
down?'<BR><BR>However, note that in Udi, things are more complicated because
the 'negative' ma is used with prohibitives only (which reminds us of the
Indoeuropean prohibitive *mê ). But whereas the prohibitve base is nicely
documented in a number of sister languages of Udi, Udi ma = where does not
have convincing cognates. Hence, we *may* assume that it reflects a concept
'is is/should be NOT [there]' taken from the term now used to encode the
prohibitive.<BR><BR>Finally, what to do with polar question (sentence focus)?
Naturally, the integration of negated tag-question is a very common option.
Still, this does not help to illuminate the status of 'negation' itself,
because the 'negation' is already present in the tag. A typical example is
German (others have given much better examples):<BR><BR>Geht sie [nicht] in
die Stadt?<BR>'Does[n't] she go to town?'<BR><BR>Sie geht in die Stadt, nicht
[wahr]'?<BR>'She goes to town, doesn't she?'<BR><BR>The description of the
corresponding cognitive strategies heavily depends from the syntactic and
semantic 'nature' of the tag construction. Nevertheless, it can be
hypothesized that here, it is not the negation itself that conditions the
'question' construction, but the fact that a *tag* is present. This can be
seen again from German:<BR><BR>Sie geht in die Stadt, ja?<BR>'She goes to
town, 'yes'?'<BR><BR>It's simply a matter of conventionalization which type
(emphatic assertion, emphatic negation) is 'selected'. Hence, it is (in my
eyes) difficult to assume that the negation itself grammaticalizes as a
question marker. Rather, we have to deal with some kind of piggybacking: In a
tag, negative as well as assertive constructions become processed as
'question markers' just *because* they are embedded into a (often
intonational) pattern of question marking (or: the tag itself is a question).
I assume that if such a negative construction or parts of it are tranferred
into the 'matrix' clause, they also add their intonational etc. pattern to
this clause. In other words: The grammaticalization of negative segments of a
tag as Q-markers in polar questions is a secondary effect, not the primary
grammaticalization path.<BR><BR>Best,<BR>Wolfgang<BR></FONT><BR><PRE class=moz-signature cols="60">--
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulze
Institut für Allgemeine und Typologische Sprachwissenschaft
Department 'Kommunikation und Sprachen' (Dep. II) - F 13/14
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1
D-80539 München
Tel.: ++49(0)89-2180-2486 (Sekr.) / -5343 (Büro)
Fax: ++49(0)89-2180-5345
Email: <A class=moz-txt-link-abbreviated href="mailto:W.Schulze@lrz.uni-muenchen.de">W.Schulze@lrz.uni-muenchen.de</A>
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