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<font face="Book Antiqua"><big>dear Nick,<br>
<br>
in Mwotlap, an Oceanic language (1800 sp.) from north Vanuatu, there is
a deictic presentational particle of the form /ete/.<br>
It is most probably the combination of two morphemes, /et/ 'to
see/look' + /e/ 'Deictic'. <br>
</big></font>
<blockquote><font face="Book Antiqua"><big>/et/ is both the radical
form of 'see', and also the form of the imperative: /et!/= 'Look!'</big></font><br>
<font face="Book Antiqua"><big>/e/ ~ /en/ is a general situational
deictic which can be glossed 'there', and is now mostly used as an
anaphoric particle and definite marker. It is thus neutral with
respect to distance, although it is probably cognate with /nen/, the
mid-distance (or addressee's sphere) deictic. </big></font><br>
</blockquote>
<font face="Book Antiqua"><big>In other words, /ete/ is a perfect
parallel to Fr. /voilà/.<br>
<br>
Syntactically, /ete/ is sometimes attested with only an NP: </big></font><font
face="Book Antiqua"><big>/<i>Ete n-êmw mino hag gên</i>/ 'Voici ma
maison là-bas' = 'There's my house, over there'</big></font><big>. </big><font
face="Book Antiqua"><big>As Mwotlap is not a case-marking language, I
can't tell you if it's followed by a nominative or accusative.</big></font><br>
<font face="Book Antiqua"><big>It is also attested alone (/<i>Ete!</i>/
'Voici!' = 'There it is! ~ Look!') <br>
... or preceding a whole <Subject+Predicate> clause: <br>
</big></font>
<blockquote><font face="Book Antiqua"><big>/<i><u>Ete</u> kê no-togtog
van agôh</i>/<br>
<small><small>/Presentat. + 3sg:subj + Stative-stay:Dup + Direc +
Dx:Prox/ </small></small></big></font><br>
<font face="Book Antiqua"><big>'(Look) here's where she lives.' </big></font><br>
</blockquote>
<font face="Book Antiqua"><big><br>
best,<br>
<br>
alex.<br>
<br>
***************<br>
<br>
</big><br>
</font><br>
Nick Bailey a écrit :
<blockquote cite="mid005701c66c69$4cc0d6b0$2101a8c0@BigDell" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">Dear Colleagues,
I am looking for examples in different languages where a perception verb,
maybe something like 'see', has been grammaticalized as a 'deictic
presentational' particle, or anything functionally close to that (for
example, it might also function as a non-deictic presentational particle, in
an 'existential' construction meaning 'there is a X.').
Can anyone help me?
The only two clear examples of deictic presentational particles that I know
of so far are from French and from Classical and Koine Greek:
FRENCH:
Voilà mon ami. 'There's my friend'
Voici mon frère, Trey. 'Here's my brother, Trey'
Le voilà. 'There he is' (le is unambiguously the object case, not
subject/nominative)
CLASSICAL and KOINE GREEK:
idou hudOr 'Here's/There's (some) water!' (idou is unmarked for near/far
deixis)
idou egO 'Here I am!' (egO is unambiguously nominative case)
Knud Lambrecht counts voilà as 'a frozen form of the imperative of voir "to
see" meaning literally "see there".'
Greek idou derives from the singular imperative of the middle aorist stem
eidon '(I) saw'. As far as I understand, middle forms were slowly falling
out of classical Greek, and by Koine times, the middle of eidon is only used
as this grammaticalized deictic presentational particle. (The active forms
of eidon, however, continued to be in use, so the real aorist imperative
'see!' or 'look at!' was ide [singular] or idete [plural].)
I would be very grateful for any examples people could share with me, or
references to literature. If possible, please explain what case the
introduced NP is in (object or subject case, etc.), and whether or not the
construction is neutral for near/far deixis (Greek idou is neutral).
Many thanks for your attention.
Nicholas Bailey
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:nicholas_bailey@sil.org">nicholas_bailey@sil.org</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Alex François
LACITO - CNRS
7 rue Guy Môquet
F - 94801 Villejuif
FRANCE
tel. prof. +33 (0)1.49.58.37.48.
tel. priv./fax +33 (0)1.64.46.61.47.
email <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Alexandre.Francois@vjf.cnrs.fr">Alexandre.Francois@vjf.cnrs.fr</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://alex.francois.free.fr">http://alex.francois.free.fr</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr">http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr</a></pre>
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