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<TITLE>RE: perception verbs used as deictic (or non-deictic) presentational particles</TITLE>
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<P DIR=LTR><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Dear Nick,</FONT></P>
<P DIR=LTR><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Formal Arabic<I> 'inna</I> corresponds to what you are looking for:</FONT></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><I><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">’Inna</FONT></I><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman"> is a formal clause-initial highlighting functor, which may be used to highlight clause-initial definite nouns (3), and</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">must</FONT></I><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman"> be used in the case of clause-initial indefinites (5, 6) in formal Arabic. It originally meant something like “behold”, which accounts for the accusative case-marking. The cognate Hebrew</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">hinnē</FONT></I><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman"> is said to be responsible for the countless instances of</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Lo</FONT></I><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">,</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Behold</FONT></I><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">, and</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Verily</FONT></I><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman"> which abound in the King James version of the Old Testament.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">(1) </FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">[jā’a]<SUP>V</SUP> [l-’aulād-<SUP>u</SUP>]<SUP>S</SUP> </FONT></I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">VS order, definite subject<SUP></SUP></FONT></SPAN></P>
<UL DIR=LTR>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">came.m the-children.nom</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">the children came </FONT></SPAN></P>
</UL>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">(2) </FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">[al-’aulād-<SUP>u</SUP>]<SUP>S</SUP> [jā’ū]<SUP>V</SUP> </FONT></I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">SV order, definite subject, without</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">’inna<SUP></SUP></FONT></I></SPAN></P>
<UL DIR=LTR>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">the-children-nom they.came</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">the children came</FONT></SPAN></P>
</UL>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">(3) </FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">’inna [l-’aulād-<SUP>a</SUP>]<SUP>S</SUP> [jā’ū]<SUP>V</SUP> </FONT></I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">SV order, definite subject, with</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">’inna<SUP></SUP></FONT></I></SPAN></P>
<UL DIR=LTR>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">lo the-children-acc they.came</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">the children came</FONT></SPAN></P>
</UL>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">(4) </FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">[jā’a] [aulād-<SUP>un</SUP> kathīr-ūn] </FONT></I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">VS order, indefinite subject</FONT><I></I></SPAN></P>
<UL DIR=LTR>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">came.m children-nom.indef many-m.pl.nom</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">many children came</FONT></SPAN></P>
</UL>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">(5) </FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">*[aulād-<SUP>un</SUP> kathīr-ūn]<SUP>S</SUP> [jā’ū]<SUP>V</SUP> </FONT></I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">SV order, indefinite subject, starred without</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">’inna</FONT></I><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman"><SUP> </SUP></FONT></SPAN></P>
<UL DIR=LTR>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">children-nom.indef many-m.pl.nom they.came</FONT></SPAN></P>
</UL>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">(6) </FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">’inna [aulād-<SUP>an</SUP> kathīr-īn]<SUP>S</SUP> [jā’ū]<SUP>V</SUP> </FONT></I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">SV order, indefinite subject, obligatorily with</FONT><I> <FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">’inna<SUP></SUP></FONT></I></SPAN></P>
<UL DIR=LTR>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">lo children-acc.indef many-m.pl.acc they.came</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">many children came</FONT></SPAN></P>
</UL>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Best,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Steve Hewitt</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Bureau PI-106</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">UNESCO</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">7 place de Fontenoy</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">75352 PARIS 07 SP</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">France</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">+0033/-0 1.45.68.06.08</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">s.hewitt@unesco.org</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">-----Original Message-----</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">From: Discussion List for ALT</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">[<A HREF="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG">mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</A>]On Behalf Of Nick Bailey</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Sent: dim. 30 avril 2006 17:18</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">To: LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Subject: perception verbs used as deictic (or non-deictic)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">presentational particles</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Dear Colleagues,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">I am looking for examples in different languages where a perception verb,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">maybe something like 'see', has been grammaticalized as a 'deictic</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">presentational' particle, or anything functionally close to that (for</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">example, it might also function as a non-deictic presentational particle, in</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">an 'existential' construction meaning 'there is a X.').</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Can anyone help me?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">The only two clear examples of deictic presentational particles that I know </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">of so far are from French and from Classical and Koine Greek:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">FRENCH:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Voilą mon ami. 'There's my friend'</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Voici mon frčre, Trey. 'Here's my brother, Trey'</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Le voilą. 'There he is' (le is unambiguously the object case, not</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">subject/nominative)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">CLASSICAL and KOINE GREEK:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">idou hudOr 'Here's/There's (some) water!' (idou is unmarked for near/far</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">deixis)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">idou egO 'Here I am!' (egO is unambiguously nominative case)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Knud Lambrecht counts voilą as 'a frozen form of the imperative of voir "to</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">see" meaning literally "see there".'</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Greek idou derives from the singular imperative of the middle aorist stem</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">eidon '(I) saw'. As far as I understand, middle forms were slowly falling</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">out of classical Greek, and by Koine times, the middle of eidon is only used</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">as this grammaticalized deictic presentational particle. (The active forms</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">of eidon, however, continued to be in use, so the real aorist imperative</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">'see!' or 'look at!' was ide [singular] or idete [plural].)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">I would be very grateful for any examples people could share with me, or</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">references to literature. If possible, please explain what case the</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">introduced NP is in (object or subject case, etc.), and whether or not the</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">construction is neutral for near/far deixis (Greek idou is neutral).</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Many thanks for your attention.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">Nicholas Bailey</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="fr"><FONT COLOR="#0000FF" SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman">nicholas_bailey@sil.org </FONT></SPAN></P>
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