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<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=988204510-23062006><FONT face=Arial>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-bidi-language: SA">Dear
Françoise and Antoine,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-bidi-language: SA"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-bidi-language: SA">The
assistive causative meaning is very close to what you are looking
for.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-bidi-language: SA">The
assistive, or<B> </B>cooperative, meaning (`help to bring about V', `assist at
bringing about V') does not incorporate the meaning `<SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">cause</SPAN>' and, strictly speaking, should be
treated separately from causatives <I>sensu stricto</I>, but it is often
rendered by the same marker as ordinary causatives (as in Georgian or Svan [both
Kartvelian]). In some languages this meaning is expressed by special morphemes
(Quechua, Guarani, Cashibo (Peru) and some other Amerindian languages).
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-bidi-language: SA">Clearly,
it is often nearly impossible to draw a clear-cut difference between the
meanings `help to bring about V' and `do V together with the assisted person
("assistee") '<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: -70.85pt -36.0pt 0cm 30.15pt 44.85pt 72.0pt 80.8pt 108.0pt 123.35pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 199.95pt 216.0pt 229.7pt 252.0pt 268.05pt 288.0pt 302.15pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt 432.0pt 468.0pt 504.0pt 540.0pt 576.0pt 612.0pt 648.0pt 684.0pt 720.0pt 756.0pt 792.0pt 828.0pt 864.0pt 900.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-bidi-language: SA">There
is no special study of assistives, but you can find some details and references
in, for instance,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 15.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -15.4pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: -70.85pt -36.0pt 0cm 15.35pt 30.15pt 44.85pt 72.0pt 80.8pt 108.0pt 123.35pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 199.95pt 216.0pt 229.7pt 252.0pt 268.05pt 288.0pt 302.15pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt 432.0pt 468.0pt 504.0pt 540.0pt 576.0pt 612.0pt 648.0pt 684.0pt 720.0pt 756.0pt 792.0pt 828.0pt 864.0pt 900.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">L. Kulikov, "The “second
causative”: A typological sketch". In: Comrie & Polinsky (eds.),
<I>Causatives and transitivity</I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Amsterdam, 1993, esp. p. 131-134.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 15.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -15.4pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: -70.85pt -36.0pt 0cm 15.35pt 30.15pt 44.85pt 72.0pt 80.8pt 108.0pt 123.35pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 199.95pt 216.0pt 229.7pt 252.0pt 268.05pt 288.0pt 302.15pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt 432.0pt 468.0pt 504.0pt 540.0pt 576.0pt 612.0pt 648.0pt 684.0pt 720.0pt 756.0pt 792.0pt 828.0pt 864.0pt 900.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">L. Kulikov, "Remarks on double
causatives in Tuvan and other Turkic languages". <I>Journal de la Société
Finno-Ugrienne</I> 88 (1999), p. 54ff.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-bidi-language: SA"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">best wishes,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Leonid Kulikov<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Leiden
University<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></FONT></SPAN><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=OutlookMessageHeader lang=en-us dir=ltr align=left>
<HR tabIndex=-1>
<FONT face=Tahoma size=2><B>From:</B> Discussion List for ALT
[mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Francoise
Rose<BR><B>Sent:</B> donderdag 15 juni 2006 17:14<BR><B>To:</B>
LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG<BR><B>Subject:</B> sociative
causative<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">Dear
LingTypers,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">In some apparently rare
languages, one of the causative markers is specialized in indicating that the
causer not only makes the causee do an action, but also participates in it. It
pertains to a type of causative, variably called sociative causative (Shibatani
and Pardeshi 2002), comitative causative (Tupi-Guarani tradition, Cf. Rodrigues
1953), causative of involvement (Dixon<FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"> </SPAN></FONT>2000).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">This type of causative
function is more frequently conveyed by a causative morpheme also coding direct
or indirect causation. We are curious to know more about languages showing a
device to express sociative causative, and especially languages displaying a
specific associative causative marker (along other causative markers), such as
below.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">Emerillon (Tupi-Guarani,
French Guiana)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">(1)
pe-lo-polahadj-kom.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">
2pl-CAUS.SOC-dance-PL.O<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> You made
them dance with you.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">(2)
o-elo-kwa
ba’eza’u.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">
3-CAUS.SOC-pass food<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> She
distributed food (she passes by and have food pass with
her).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">(3)
zawal-enam
ka
o-(w)elo-nan.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">
dog-Top.Switch wasp
3-CAUS.SOC-run<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> The dog
runs with the wasps (The dog makes the wasps “run” with
him.)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">(4)
zawal
o-elo-’al
tupaw?l.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> dog
3-CAUS.SOC-fall
box<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> The dog
makes the box fall (when falling himself).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">Cavineña (Tacana,
Bolivia)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">(5)
E-ra e-kwe
e-bakwa tawi-kere-ya.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">
1SG-ERG 1SG-GEN 1-child
sleep-CAUS.SOC-IMPFV<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> I (will)
make my child sleep with me.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">(6)
E-ra =tu
ara-kere-chine
torta Don Francisco.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">
1SG-ERG =3SG eat-CAUS.SOC-REC.PAST
cake Mr. Francisco<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> I invited
Mr. Francisco to eat a cake with me. (I made Mr F. eat a cake with
me).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> Shibatani &
Pardeshi (2002) distinguish 3 semantic types of sociative causation
:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> - joint-action
(Mother is making the child play)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> - assistive (Mother
is making the child pee)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> - supervision (Mother
is making the child read a book)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> Depending on the
language, sociative causative may be restricted to intransitive bases
(Tupi-Guarani languages) or may also apply to transitive bases
(Cavineña).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> Sociative causative
differs from the applicative construction, where a comitative participant is
promoted to an object position, in having a causative meaning (and probably in
the fact that the causee/object is the main agent of the action, and the
causer/subject the “comitative” participant). Indeed, there are languages which
display a distinction between a comitative applicative and a sociative
causative, as is the case in Wolof, for example.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> There is however in
many languages a formal syncretism between causative and<FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"> </SPAN></FONT>applicative: Shibatani & Pardeshi (2002)
underline the fact that “in a fair number of languages, causative morphemes are
associated with the applicative function of introducing a comitative,
instrumental or benefactive argument.” To summarize, whereas applicative markers
can not take the sociative causative function (but just the comitative one),
causative markers may overlap the applicative
function.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> Apart from
Tupi/Tupi-Guarani languages, Cavineña and Wolof, we have read about specific
sociative causative markers in the Peruvian Pre-Andine Arawak languages
Nomatsiguenga, Amuesha and Piro (Wise 1986: 593-594) and Asheninca (Payne 2001),
as well as in the Equatorian Barbacoan language Awa Pit (Timothy Curnow, p.c.),
and in Alamblak– Sepik, New Guinea, (Bruce 1984 :55,
155-156).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"> Our questions
are:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">- Do you know any other
language displaying sociative causative?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">- Does it have a specific
sociative causative marker?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">- What exact meaning does it
carry?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">- On what type of verbs is
it found? (valence + meaning)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">- In this language, how
do(es) the other type(s) of causative function? Is there any applicative
construction? Is it an “and-language” or a “with-language”<FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"> (</SPAN></FONT>Stassen 2000)?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">
<st1:PersonName
style="BACKGROUND-POSITION: left bottom; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(res://ietag.dll/#34/#1001); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x"
tabIndex=0 w:st="on" ProductID="Françoise ROSE">Françoise ROSE</st1:PersonName>,
CELIA (CNRS/IRD), France, rose@vjf.cnrs.fr<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Courier New" size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'">
<st1:PersonName
style="BACKGROUND-POSITION: left bottom; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(res://ietag.dll/#34/#1001); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x"
tabIndex=0 w:st="on" ProductID="Antoine GUILLAUME">Antoine
GUILLAUME</st1:PersonName>, Université Lyon, France,
aguillau@ish-lyon.cnrs.fr<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></BODY></HTML>