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<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">Dear Annarita, dear all,<br>
<br>
I essentially agree with Martin's reply, namely that your query is
ambiguous, especially your use of "complementizer". You should perhaps
be more explicit, and add an example or two.<br>
<br>
</font></font><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">When I read
your query, I thought you had in mind a syntactic phenomenon witnessed
in Gascon, a variety of Occitan spoken in Southwestern France (and more
precisely in the central and south varieties of Gascon, esp. in
Biarnès). <br>
In these varieties, it is common for verb phrases in affirmative
declarative sentences to be introduced by a proclitic /que/:<br>
</font></font>
<ul>
<li><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">/</font></font><big><big><font
face="Book Antiqua"><font size="2"><big><big><b><u>Que</u> soi
pressat, <u>que</u> m'escapi</b></big></big></font></font></big></big><font
size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">/ 'I'm in a hurry, I'm leaving'</font></font></li>
<li><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">/<b><u>Que</u> son
quate òras</b>/ 'It's four o'clock'</font></font></li>
<li><big>/<b>Tot lo monde <u>que</u> va plan</b>/ 'Everybody's
alright.'</big><br>
</li>
</ul>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">Is this what you were after?
</font></font><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">At least this
was my guess from your query </font></font><font size="+1"><font
face="Book Antiqua">("</font></font><i><big>a language that has an
explicit complementizer that introduces the matrix in a declarative
sentence</big></i><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">"). <br>
<br>
> </font></font><i>What happens then in imperative and
interrogative sentences, or when in a declarative sentence there is an
explicit performative verb?
</i><br>
<blockquote><big>This /que/ is normally absent in the imperative, but
may be present in questions [see paper below]. <br>
You find it with performative verbs: </big><font size="+1"><font
face="Book Antiqua">/</font></font><big><big><font face="Book Antiqua"><font
size="2"><big><big><b><u>Que</u> ve presenti Jan</b></big></big></font></font></big></big><font
size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">/ 'let me introduce you to John'
(=Fr. 'je vous présente Jean').</font></font><br>
</blockquote>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><br>
Although this /que/ (I think) </font></font><font size="+1"><font
face="Book Antiqua">originates from a complementizer in this position,
and </font></font><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">is still
used as such in Gascon, a synchronical account of this declarative
/que/ should probably not describe it as a Complementizer (or does
your terminology come from GB theory?). <br>
It is generally referred to as "<i>l'énonciatif du Gascon</i>" (usually
translated 'the enunciative of Gascon'), i.e. it would be classified
among evidentiality markers or discourse particles, a bit like /yo/ in
Japanese (or similar particles in Korean, as Martin mentioned).<br>
</font></font><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><br>
I am neither a speaker of Gascon, nor a specialist of Romance languages
in academic terms (I'm an Oceanist); therefore I don't have
bibliographical references in my mind. However a quick search on the
web led me to the following online paper by Claus Pusch (Freiburg
Univ.):<br>
</font></font>
<ul>
<li><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">Pusch, Claus. The
attitudinal meaning of preverbal markers in Gascon: Insights from the
analysis of literary and spoken language data.</font></font></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<blockquote><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.romanistik.uni-freiburg.de/pusch/Download/attitude.pdf">http://www.romanistik.uni-freiburg.de/pusch/Download/attitude.pdf</a></font></font><br>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<big>You will find relevant references therein.</big> <br>
<big>Also, by the same author:<br>
</big>
<blockquote><big><b>Pusch, Claus D.</b>, <i>Morphosyntax,
Informationsstruktur und Pragmatik. Präverbale Marker im gaskognischen
Okzitanisch und in anderen Sprachen</i>, Tübingen (Narr) 2001
(ScriptOralia, 124).</big><br>
</blockquote>
<big>See also:<br>
</big>
<blockquote><big><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.romanistik.uni-freiburg.de/pusch/forsch_e.htm#Diss">http://www.romanistik.uni-freiburg.de/pusch/forsch_e.htm#Diss</a></big><br>
</blockquote>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><br>
Best,<br>
Alex.<br>
<br>
</font></font>
<hr size="2" width="100%">
<div align="right">
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72"><small><small>Alex François
LACITO - CNRS
7 rue Guy Môquet
F - 94801 Villejuif
FRANCE
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://alex.francois.free.fr">http://alex.francois.free.fr</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr">http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr</a></small></small></pre>
</div>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><br>
<br>
</font></font><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><br>
Martin Haspelmath a écrit :
<blockquote cite="mid450EA871.8060604@eva.mpg.de" type="cite">Hi
Annarita,
<br>
<br>
How do you define a "complementizer"? Most people would probably define
it as an element that occurs in subordinate (especially complement)
clauses and marks the subordinate status of such sentences. Given this
definition, it's not easy to see how a matrix complementizer could
exist.
<br>
<br>
What could of course exist is an element that most prominently
functions as a complementizer, but under some limited circumstances may
also occur in independent clauses (e.g. German dass, in directives such
as "Dass du mir ja nicht zu spät kommst!" 'Don't dare to come too
late.') But here most people would either say that this is a different
element (with only diachronic connections to the other dass), or that
its main-clause use is a secondary extension from the subordinate
clause.
<br>
<br>
Of course, a few languages have declarative markers that are absent in
other sentence moods (and perhaps in subordinate clauses), e.g. Korean.
But these would not normally be called "complementizers".
<br>
<br>
Regards,
<br>
Martin
<br>
<br>
<i>Annarita Puglielli wrote:
</i><br>
<blockquote type="cite">Dear Lingtyp friends,
<br>
<br>
I wonder if you can give me information about any language that has an
explicit complementizer that introduces the matrix in a declarative
sentence. What happens then in imperative and interrogative sentences,
or when in a declarative sentence there is an explicit performative
verb?
<br>
Eventually please send me also references.
<br>
Thank you in advance.
<br>
<br>
Prof. Annarita Puglielli
<br>
Dipartimento di Linguistuica
<br>
Università degli Studi Roma Tre
<br>
Roma- Italy
<br>
<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Alex François
LACITO - CNRS
7 rue Guy Môquet
F - 94801 Villejuif
FRANCE
tel. prof. +33 (0)1.49.58.37.48.
tel. priv./fax +33 (0)1.64.46.61.47.
email <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Alexandre.Francois@vjf.cnrs.fr">Alexandre.Francois@vjf.cnrs.fr</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://alex.francois.free.fr">http://alex.francois.free.fr</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr">http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr</a></pre>
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