<div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Dear colleagues,<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size:
10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">This paper sounds interesting to me, since I am doing some investigation on the relation between the distance and the relational marking (cases, co-indexing, agreement etc) of the head and its dependents.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In many cases, the more distant the two constituents are, or the more deviated from its canonical position the dependent is, the more needed the relational marking is. Such examples are ample; for instance, in Chinese, when an adjective serves as an adverbial of the verb, if it is adjacent to or precedes the verb, the adverbial marker –de (similar to English –ly) is optional; if it is separated from the head verb, or postponed after the verb (non-canonical position), the marker-de is necessary, as shown below.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;
TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">(1) a. Ta zai tushuguan <B>renzhen(-de)</B> <B><U>zhao</U></B> ziliao.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(Chinese)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>He in<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>library<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>cautious-ly<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>search data<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination:
none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>‘He is cautiously searching data in the library.’<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: IPAPANNEW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">b. Ta <B>renzhen*(-de)</B> zai tushuguan <B>zhao</B> ziliao.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></FONT></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New
Roman"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">(2) a. Ta </SPAN><B><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">jianjian</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">(-de)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> <B><U>kangfu</U></B>-le.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: 12pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">he gradual(-ly) recuperate-PFCT<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: 12pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">‘He gradually recuperated (from an illness)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-pagination: none;
mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">b. </SPAN><B><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Jianjian</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">*(-de)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, ta <B><U>kangfu</U></B>-le<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">c. Ta <B><U>kangfu</U></B>-le, <B>jianjian*(-de)</B>.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">Similar data are ample cross-linguistically. To cite some from English:<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(3) a. He <B><U>climbed</U></B> <B>(up) the mountain</B>.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>b. He <B><U>climbed</U></B> steadily <B>*(up) the mountain</B>. <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in;
mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">(4) a. He<B><U> was</U></B> my lover <B>*(for) 20 years</B>.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>b. He <B><U>was</U></B> <B>20 years</B> my lover.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">(5) a. I <B><U>took</U></B> three years *(of) Chinese.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>b. I <B><U>took</U></B> Chinese *(for) three years.
<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">(6) a. John <B><U>believes</U></B> <B>(that) Mary will win</B>. <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">b. John <B><U>believes</U></B> wholeheartedly <B>*?(that) Mary will win</B>.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 67.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 67.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;
mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3>b.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3><B><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">*(That) Mary will win</SPAN></B><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, John <B><U>believes</U></B> wholeheartedly.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">The number agreement in the dissertation seems to be a counter-example to the above tendencies. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">My first assumed explanation is that information redundancy works here. When the dependent is separated from its head word, or deviated from its canonical position, it tends to be forgotten if the marker is informationally redundant; it tends to be used <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>if it is not redundant.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>However, redundancy is an issue of degree.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Such an explanation seems unattractive.
<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">My second assumed explanation is related to the formal markedness.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>When the number agreement is dropped in English, it is actually using an extra marker –s on the verb, in contrast to the zero agreement form.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In other words, though <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>–s of singular third person of agreement is taken as unmarked in the sense that it is the most unconditioned, it is formally marked.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Such a contradiction between the formal and conditional unmarkedness leads to the
malfunction of the above mentioned tendencies.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">I need more data both for and against the tendencies.</FONT></SPAN></div> <div> <div> </div> <div>Bingfu Lu</div> <div>Institute of Linguistics</div> <div>Shanghai Normal University</div> <div>China<BR><BR><B><I>LINGUIST Network <linguist@LINGUISTLIST.ORG></I></B> wrote:</div></div> <BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px;
BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">Date: Tue, 21 Aug 2007 21:55:24 -0400<BR>From: LINGUIST Network <linguist@LINGUISTLIST.ORG><BR>Subject: 18.2457, Diss: Psycholing/Syntax: Lorimor: 'Conjunctions and Grammatical Agr...'<BR>To: LINGUIST@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG<BR><BR>LINGUIST List: Vol-18-2457. Tue Aug 21 2007. ISSN: 1068 - 4875.<BR><BR>Subject: 18.2457, Diss: Psycholing/Syntax: Lorimor: 'Conjunctions and Grammatical Agr...'<BR><BR>Moderators: Anthony Aristar, Eastern Michigan U <ARISTAR@LINGUISTLIST.ORG><BR>Helen Aristar-Dry, Eastern Michigan U <HDRY@LINGUISTLIST.ORG><BR><BR>Reviews: Randall Eggert, U of Utah <BR><REVIEWS@LINGUISTLIST.ORG><BR><BR>Homepage: http://linguistlist.org/<BR><BR>The LINGUIST List is funded by Eastern Michigan University, <BR>and donations from subscribers and publishers.<BR><BR>Editor for this issue: Hunter Lockwood <HUNTER@LINGUISTLIST.ORG><BR>================================================================ <BR><BR>To post to LINGUIST, use
our convenient web form at<BR>http://linguistlist.org/LL/posttolinguist.html.<BR><BR>===========================Directory============================== <BR><BR>1)<BR>Date: 21-Aug-2007<BR>From: Heidi Lorimor < hlorimor@umw.edu ><BR>Subject: Conjunctions and Grammatical Agreement<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR>-------------------------Message 1 ---------------------------------- <BR>Date: Tue, 21 Aug 2007 21:53:49<BR>From: Heidi Lorimor [hlorimor@umw.edu]<BR>Subject: Conjunctions and Grammatical Agreement<BR>E-mail this message to a friend:<BR>http://linguistlist.org/issues/emailmessage/verification.cfm?iss=18-2457.html&submissionid=154521&topicid=14&msgnumber=1 <BR><BR><BR>Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign <BR>Program: Department of Linguistics <BR>Dissertation Status: Completed <BR>Degree Date: 2007 <BR><BR>Author: Heidi Lorimor<BR><BR>Dissertation Title: Conjunctions and Grammatical Agreement <BR><BR>Linguistic Field(s):
Psycholinguistics<BR>Syntax<BR><BR>Subject Language(s): Arabic, North Levantine Spoken (apc)<BR><BR><BR>Dissertation Director(s):<BR>Elabbas Benmamoun<BR>J Kathryn Bock<BR><BR>Dissertation Abstract:<BR><BR>This dissertation investigates the factors involved in producing agreement,<BR>using evidence from conjoined subjects in English and Lebanese Arabic.<BR>Specifically, the goal was to test psycholinguistic and syntactic theories<BR>of agreement by examining the relative contributions of lexical number,<BR>notional number, adjacency, and linear word order in agreement with<BR>conjoined subjects, and contrasting English agreement patterns with<BR>Lebanese Arabic, which allows closest conjunct agreement with postverbal<BR>subjects. <BR><BR>Corpus data and sentence production experiments were used to test<BR>hypotheses about the mechanisms involved in producing agreement. A search<BR>of American English sentences from the World Wide Web revealed that<BR>speakers often produce
singular verbs with conjoined subjects (28% singular<BR>verbs overall), but less often when the conjunctions involved animate or<BR>plural nouns. To investigate these patterns experimentally,<BR>English-speaking participants heard, repeated, and completed subject noun<BR>phrases as full sentences, thus producing a verb. The experiment produced<BR>results similar to the corpus search, with conjunctions involving singular,<BR>abstract nouns eliciting more singular verbs than plural verbs. <BR><BR>In a second study involving both Lebanese Arabic and English speakers, a<BR>picture description task manipulated the position of the subject relative<BR>to the verb and revealed that singular verbs were much more frequent with<BR>postverbal (versus preverbal) subjects and that lexically plural nouns were<BR>stronger enforcers of plural agreement than conjoined singular subjects in<BR>both Lebanese Arabic and English. Adjacency also played a role, as plural<BR>nouns in furthest
conjunct position did not enforce plural agreement in the<BR>same way as plural nouns that were linearly adjacent to the verb. These<BR>results indicate that notional information, lexical plurality, adjacency,<BR>and linear (surface) word order play significant roles in the computation<BR>and production of agreement. The results also shed light on the nature of<BR>closest conjunct agreement and on the number of stages involved in<BR>producing grammatical agreement. <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR>-----------------------------------------------------------<BR>LINGUIST List: Vol-18-2457 <BR><BR><BR></BLOCKQUOTE><BR>