<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Date: 29-Mar-2008 - 30-Mar-2008 </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Location: Leipzig, Germany </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Meeting Email: scales</font><font style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;">@</span></font></font><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">uni-leipzig.de </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Web Site: <a href="http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~va"><font color="#1c007b" style="color: #1c007b">http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~va</font></a> </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; ">Call Deadline: 31-Jan-2008 </div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Meeting Description: </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">The goal of this workshop is to address empirical and theoretical aspects of </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">scales (or hierarchies), as they are relevant for grammatical phenomena like </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">argument encoding and diatheses (see, e.g., Silverstein 1976, Comrie 1981, </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Aissen 2003), by bringing together research from typology, grammatical theory, </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">and psycholinguistics. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Organized by </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Forschergruppe 742 (DFG): </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Grammar and Processing of Verbal Arguments </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">University of Leipzig </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1c007b" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1c007b"><a href="http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~va">www.uni-leipzig.de/~va</a></font><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47"> </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Abstract Submission </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Email to: scales</font><font style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;">@</span></font></font><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">uni-leipzig.de </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Abstracts should be anonymous, no more than one page, in pdf format; </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">12pt, at least 2cm margins on all sides, for 30 minute talks (40 minute slots). </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Name, affiliation, and title of the abstract should be included in the body of </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">the email. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Reimbursement: Speakers will be partially reimbursed. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Deadline for abstract submission: January 31, 2008 (Notification of acceptance: </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">February 5, 2007) </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">The workshop will combine 10 presentations selected from the submitted </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">abstracts with contributions by members of Forschergruppe 742 </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">(including Balthasar Bickel, Petr Biskup, Ina Bornkessel, Michael </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Cysouw, Uwe Junghanns, Martin Haspelmath, Andrej Malchukov, Gereon </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Mueller, Jochen Trommer). </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Workshop Description: </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Since the discovery of scales (or hierarchies) for grammatical categories in the </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">70s, many cross-linguistic generalizations have been noted in the </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">functional-typological literature, especially in domains such as person/number </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">marking, argument encoding by case or agreement (Silverstein 1976, Dixon 1979), </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">and diatheses and direction marking (Comrie 1981, DeLancey 1981). The </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">formulation of scales as ''implicational hierarchies'' has enabled researchers </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">in this area to formulate some of the most robust generalizations on language. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">More recently, the concept of scales has received considerable attention in </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">grammatical theory as well. In particular, the work of Aissen (1999, </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">2003) has triggered a surge of research occupied with the question of how the </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">effects of scales are related to general principles of morpho-syntactic theory. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Also, recent work in psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic theorizing has argued </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">for cross-linguistic principles of language processing which employ the notion </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">of a scale. The idea is that scales may help to guide incremental argument </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">interpretation by serving to shape the the interpretive relations than are </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">established between different arguments online (Bornkessel & Schlesewsky 2006). </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">In this workshop we would like to discuss empirical and theoretical aspects of </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">scales including (but not restricted to) the following. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">(i) How well-established is the cross-linguistic evidence for implicational </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">scales? Recently, different potential counter-examples have been discussed (see </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Filimonova 2005, Haude 2007). The question is especially pressing as the </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">availability of large databases (WALS, TDS) and recent comprehensive field work </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">studies promise a better understanding of the relevant empirical </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">generalizations. Also, is there evidence for new scales that have so far gone </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">unnoticed? And could it be that scales are organized in a meta-hierarchy with </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">respect to each other? </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">(ii) What is the status of scales in grammatical theory? Are they part of </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">grammar itself (Noyer 1992, Aissen 1999, 2003) or rather epiphenomena? If the </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">latter, are they epiphenomena of (a) functionality or frequency distributions in </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">language use (Bresnan, Dingare & Manning 2001, Newmeyer 2002, Hawkins 2004, </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Haspelmath 2008), or (b) derivable from other grammatical mechanisms such as </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">feature geometry or/and syntactic movement (Harley & Ritter 2002, Bejar 2003)? </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">What is the relation between feature hierarchies and the order of </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">functional projections in syntax (Cinque 1999, Starke 2001)? </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">(iii) Which role do scales play in the language processing architecture? Should </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">they be afforded an independent status or can they be viewed as epiphenomena of </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">other information types (e.g., frequency of occurrence)? Is there evidence for </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">the interaction of different scales during language processing and, if so, how </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">does this interaction take place? </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">References: </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Aissen, Judith (1999): Markedness and Subject Choice in Optimality </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Theory, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 17, 673-711. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Aissen, Judith (2003): Differential Object Marking: Iconicity </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">vs. Economy, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 21, 435-483. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Bejar, S. (2003): Phi-Syntax: A Theory of Agreement. PhD thesis, </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">University of Toronto. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Bornkessel, I. & Schlesewsky, M. (2006): The extended argument </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">dependency model: A neurocognitive approach to sentence comprehension </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">across languages. Psychological Review 113, 787-821. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Bresnan, Joan, Shipra Dingare & Christopher Manning (2001): Soft </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Constraints Mirror Hard Constraints: Voice and Person in English and </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Lummi. In: Proceedings of the LFG 01 Conference, University of Hong </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Kong. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Cinque, Guglielmo (1999): Adverbs and Functional Heads, Oxford </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">University Press, Oxford. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Comrie, Bernard (1981): Language Universals and Linguistic </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Typology. Blackwell, Oxford. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">DeLancey, Scott (1981): An interpretation of split ergativity and </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">related patterns. Language 51, 626-657. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Dixon, R.M.W. (1979): Ergativity, Language 55:59-138. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Filimonova, Elena (2005): 'The noun phrase hierarchy and relational </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">marking: problems and counterevidence', Linguistic Typology 9, 77-113. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Harley, H. and Ritter, E. (2002): A feature-geometric analysis of </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">person and number. Language 78, 482-526. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Haspelmath, Martin (2008): Frequency vs. Iconicity in Explaining </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Grammatical Asymmetries. To appear in: Cognitive Linguistics 19.1 </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Haude, Katharina (2007): A grammar of Movima, PhD thesis, Radboud </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">University, Nijmegen. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Hawkins, John A. (2004): Efficiency and Complexity in </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">de Hoop, Helen & Lamers, Monique (2006): Incremental </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">distinguishability of subject and object. In: L. Kulikov, A. Malchukov </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">& P. de Swart (eds). Case, Valency and </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Transitivity. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Newmeyer, Frederick (2002): Optimality and Functionality: A Critique </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">of Functionally-Based Optimality Theoretic Syntax, Natural Language </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">and Linguistic Theory pp. 43-80. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Noyer, Rolf (1992): Features, Positions and Affixes in Autonomous </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Morphological Structure. PhD thesis, MIT. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Silverstein, Michael (1976): Hierarchy of Features and Ergativity. In: </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">R. Dixon, ed., Grammatical Categories in Australian </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Languages. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">pp. 112-171. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Arial Unicode MS'; color: rgb(30, 30, 71); min-height: 18px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Starke, Michal (2001): Move Dissolves into Merge: a Theory of </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="4" color="#1e1e47" style="font: 13.0px Arial Unicode MS; color: #1e1e47">Locality; PhD thesis, University of Geneva. </font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#1E1E47" face="'Arial Unicode MS'" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div>
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