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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Dear
Nick,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The topic you
inquire about is briefly touched upon on pages 146-150 of: Hengeveld, Kees
& Mackenzie, J. Lachlan (2008), <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Functional Discourse
Grammar: A typologically-based theory of language structure</span></i>. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>A language that
is mentioned there as not having words for ‘yes’ and ‘no’
is Scottish Gaelic.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>A distinction
that we make in the description of this topic is between ‘propositional
yes/no’ and ‘actional yes/no’. The former would be the
typical replies to yes/no questions, where English would use <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>yes</span></i> and <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>no. </span></i>The latter
would be typical replies to orders, complying (as with English <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>OK</span></i>) or rejecting (where English would use <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>no</span></i> again). This is a distinction that may be relevant to
your question, as some languages may lack words for ‘yes’ or ‘no’
in only one of these two domains. For instance, Warí is characterized in Everett
& Kern (1997) as having propositional ‘yes’ and ‘no’,
actional ‘yes’, but no actional ‘no’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>I have noticed
that in Spoken Brazilian Portuguese there is a tendency to avoid propositional ‘yes’,
while propositional ‘no’ is used without restrictions.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Best, Kees<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:
yes'>Kees Hengeveld<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:
yes'><a href="http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/hengeveldp">home.hum.uva.nl/oz/hengeveldp</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:
yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Charis SIL"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> Discussion
List for ALT [mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Nick Enfield<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> zaterdag 2 januari 2010
17:42<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Question about answers<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Helvetica Neue Light"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue Light","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Happy new year everyone -<br>
<br>
Colleagues and I are comparing how polar questions are answered in various
languages. There appear to be two basic types of strategy for answering a polar
question such as 'Is John working today?': 1. with an 'interjection answer'
such as "yes", "no", "of course", or 2. with a
'repetitional answer' (modifiable in various ways) such as "John is
working today", "He's working", "He is". This suggests
three possible types of system for a language:<br>
<br>
A. Interjection only: the language has no 'repetitional' type strategy, and it
is only possible to answer by saying things like ‘Yes’.<br>
<br>
B. Repetitional only: the language has no 'interjection' type strategy, and it
is only possible to answer by saying things like ‘He is’.<br>
<br>
C. Mixed. The language makes both strategies available (and the frequencies of
use of one or the other alternative may vary across languages of this type)<br>
<br>
QUESTION. Does anybody know of any claims that there are languages with systems
A or B? It does not seem possible that System A exists, since presumably all
languages can provide speakers with a way to take the proposition that was
coded in the question and simply assert it as a way of answering (i.e., repeat
in declarative form for 'yes', or with negation for 'no'). There does, however,
seem to be a common view that System B occurs. We have heard it said, for
example, that Celtic languages like Welsh have no interjection strategy, but
this is clearly not the case for Welsh itself, as shown by Bob Morris Jones in
his book 'The Welsh Answering System'. In that book, Jones cites other
languages as having repeat-only strategies (Gaelic, Breton) but he is not able
to present sufficient data to establish that there is really no way to answer a
polar question with an interjection type answer. (Note that under
‘interjection type answer’ we would include items like
‘yep’, ‘uh-huh’, ‘mm’, and nods of the
head.)<br>
<br>
I would much appreciate any references to literature in which it is shown, or
claimed, that a language has no means of answering a polar question with an
interjection type strategy (functionally equivalent to 'yes' and 'no' in
English), meaning that a 'repetitional' answer is the only means for answering
a polar question.<br>
<br>
Many thanks in advance,<br>
<br>
Nick Enfield</span></font><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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