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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Dear colleagues,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Does anyone know of a language that has <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>negative but no affirmative</span></b> participles (verbal adjectives)? <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Or a language that has <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>negative
relative verbs with adjectival features</span></b> but affirmative relative
verbs without adjectival features?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>I am working on Kambaata, a Cushitic language of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">Ethiopia</st1:country-region></st1:place>. In this language,
affirmative relative verbs have a purely verbal morphology, i.e. they agree
with the subject of the relative clause (see 3F agreement with subject
‘salt’), they are marked for aspect etc. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>(1)
[maxín-it
kot-táa]
bun-á<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
salt-F.NOM
be_insufficient-3F.IPV.REL coffee-M.ACC<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
‘coffee in which the salt is insufficient’<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>However, when relative clauses are negated in Kambaata, a negative
participle (glossed “NREL”), which combines verbal and adjectival
morphology, has to be used. These negative participles agree with the subject
of the relative clause (see 3F marking in ex. (2) and 3M marking in ex. (3))
but they also agree with the head noun in gender and case (see the final
inflectional morpheme -ú M.ACC in ex. (2) and -ut in ex. (3))).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>(2)
[maxín-it
kot-tumb-ú]
bun-á<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
salt-F.NOM
be_insufficient-3F.NREL-M.ACC
coffee-M.ACC<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
‘coffee in which the salt is not insufficient (i.e. with enough
salt)’<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>(3)
[bobír-u qoh-úmb-ut] <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'> </span></font>úull-at<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=DE
style='font-size:12.0pt'>
wind-M.NOM
damage-3M.NREL-F.NOM <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'> </span></font>land-F.NOM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=DE
style='font-size:12.0pt'>
</span>‘(a plot of) land which the wind has not damaged’<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The negative relative verbs / participles are clearly verb-adjective
hybrids; their argument structure is entirely verbal (they govern nominative
subjects, all types of objects and adverbial constituents inside the relative
clause) and they agree with their subject in person/gender/number (as any other
verb in the language does) but they cannot be marked for aspect and, most
importantly, they agree with the head noun that they modify in the same way as
an adjective does in a Kambaata NP; see the case- and gender-agreeing
adjectives in (4) and compare them with the case- and gender-agreeing negative
relative verbs / particles in (2)-(3).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>(4)
danaam-ú bun-á<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
good-M.ACC coffee-M.ACC<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
‘good coffee’ (accusative)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
muccúr-ut xénq-ut<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
clean-F.NOM mug-F.NOM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
‘clean mug’ (nominative)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>I would appreciate any references to languages whose (relative) verbs
acquire adjectival features when they are negated. <font color=navy><span
style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Thank you very much for your help.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Yvonne<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>************************************<br>
Dr <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Yvonne Treis</st1:PersonName><br>
Research Centre for <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Linguistic Typology</st1:PersonName><br>
La <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Trobe</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place><br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Victoria</st1:State></st1:place> 3086<br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region></st1:place><br>
<br>
Tel. (+61) 3 9479 6421<br>
Fax. (+61) 3 9467 3053<br>
Email </span></font><font size=2><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt'><a
href="mailto:y.treis@latrobe.edu.au"><span lang=EN-AU>y.treis@latrobe.edu.au</span></a></span></font><font
size=2><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span></font><font size=2><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
<br>
</span></font><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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