Dear Nigel Vincent,<br>This probably goes back to Latin, where the verb
"debere" also means both 'must' and 'owe'. Cf. this sentence from the
famous Latin textbook "Lingua Latina" by Hans H. Ørberg:<br>
<br>"Nolo has litteras legere, nam certe magister poscit pecuniam quam
ei debeo."<br>= I don't want to read that letter, because surely the
teacher demands the money I owe him.<br><br>The recipient/benefactor is
marked with the Dative case there.<br>
<br>- André Müller<br>University of Leipzig<br>Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">2010/2/13 Nigel Vincent <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk">nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk</a>></span><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">
In many of the Romance languages the same verb means both 'owe' and 'must' (cf Italian debere, French devoir, Portuguese dever, etc). In English 'ought' is etymologically the past tense of 'owe'. I would be grateful for further instances of languages in which, either synchronically or diachronically, the same verb covers both the modal and the 'owe' meanings.<br>
<font color="#888888">
Nigel Vincent<br>
</font></blockquote></div><br>