<div>I’m a bit confused. Surely in everyday conversation, we use the “domain-restricted” sense of <i>all</i> far more often than the “unrestricted” sense (because we usually talk about a bounded domain rather than the set of all things in the universe). I would have thought that this is the default interpretation of the universal quantifier in most languages, and that if a language is missing one of the senses, it would nearly always be the unrestricted one, which seems less useful. It seems like it would be more noteworthy if there were a language which has only the <i>unrestricted</i> quantifier.<div><br></div><div>Perhaps I’m missing something.</div><div><br></div><div>Siva</div></div>
<div><br>-- <br>Siva Kalyan<br>Sent with <a href="http://bit.ly/sigsprw">Sparrow</a><br></div>
<p style="color: #a0a0a0;">On Sunday, 24 July 2011 at 12:15 PM, Everett, Daniel wrote:</p>
<blockquote type="cite" style="border-left-style:solid;border-width:1px;margin-left:0px;padding-left:10px;">
<span><div><div>Extremely useful, David!<br><br>Sent from my iPhone<br><br>On Jul 24, 2011, at 12:10 PM, "David Gil" <<a href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de">gil@eva.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>Not quite what you're asking for, Dan, but Turkish has two universal <br>quantifiers, "bütün" and "hepsi", whose usage corresponds roughly to <br>what you're calling "unrestricted" and "domain-restricted" respectively.<br><br>In fact, if you add the feature of distributivity into the mix, you get <br>a similar (though perhaps not identical) semantic contrast in English, <br>between "every" and "each".<br><br>One might predict the absence of languages with "domain-restricted" but <br>no "unrestricted" universal quantifiers on the basis of general <br>principles of markedness: if "domain-restricted" quantifiers involve <br>the presence of an additional feature, then one would expect them to <br>occur only in the presence of their unmarked counterparts lacking said <br>feature.<br><br>I wrote about this some time back, in<br><br>Gil, David (1991) "Universal Quantifiers: A Typological Study", EUROTYP <br>Working Papers, Series 7, Number 12, The European Science Foundation, <br>EUROTYP Programme, Berlin.<br><br><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>Imagine two quantifiers. One can be used to mean "all" in the sense of <br>"all men (that anyone could ever imagine)." The other can only be used <br>in the sense of "all (those we recognize in our culture/those in the <br>next village over/those in the immediate context of discourse/etc)." <br><br>Call the first one "unrestricted." Call the second one <br>"domain-restricted." <br><br>Is any language known that has only the latter? For semanticists, <br>would there be any principle barring the existence of only the <br>restricted type (whose domain is a subset of the former's) in the <br>absence of the unrestricted?<br><br>Dan<br><br><br>**********************<br>Daniel L. Everett<br><br><a href="http://daneverettbooks.com">http://daneverettbooks.com</a><br></div></blockquote><br><br>-- <br>David Gil<br><br>Department of Linguistics<br>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<br>Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany<br><br>Telephone: 49-341-3550321 Fax: 49-341-3550119<br>Email: <a href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de">gil@eva.mpg.de</a><br>Webpage: <a href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/~gil/">http://www.eva.mpg.de/~gil/</a><br></div></blockquote></div></div></span>
</blockquote>
<div>
<br>
</div>