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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Dear Yvonne,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>in Germanic languages SO
is generally used both as an exophoric (English lost that use) and as an
endophoric deictic/anaphoric element with the meaning ‘in the manner
indicated’ (by gestures, antecedents or following expressions). More
often than not this expression (and its relevant counterparts) is also part of
a conjunction (SO DASS in German, SO THAT in English) that encodes purpose especially
in clauses with subjects different from those of the main clause:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>(i)<font size=1
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>John has to earn a lot, so that his family can survive.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>The translation of your
example (4) is exactly of this kind.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>In connection with
gradable predicates in the main clause we find closely related comparatives
constructions:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>(ii)<font size=1
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>John works so hard that he nearly collapses in the evening.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>(iii)<font size=1
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>John works hard, so that he nearly collapses in the evening.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Your final example comes
out in German as either of the following, which differ slightly in meaning
though:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>(iv)<font size=1
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Sie
graben das Loch SO, dass sie WASSER bekommen.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>(v)<font size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Sie
graben das Loch, so dass sie WASSER bekommen.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>The general path of
grammaticalization or semantic extension thus seems to go from carrying out an
action in such a manner or having a property to such a degree that this can
give rise top some intended effect or result. It is the cataphoric use of the
manner deictic that exhibits this development.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I hope this helps a
little.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Ekkehard Koenig (FU
Berlin)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>Von:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Discussion List
for ALT [mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG] <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>Im Auftrag von </span></b>Yvonne Treis<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Gesendet:</span></b> Dienstag, 16. August
2011 14:13<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>An:</span></b>
LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Betreff:</span></b> 'like'/'manner' as
Purpose clause marker</span></font><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Dear colleagues,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>I am looking for languages in which a morpheme meaning 'like' or
'manner' is used to mark purpose clauses.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Here are some examples from Kambaata (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Cushitic</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ethiopia</st1:country-region></st1:place>)
to clarify what I am looking for. In Kambaata, the enclitic morpheme =ga 'like'
is used, among others, in the following constructions:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Noun=‘like’ means 'like / in the manner of Noun'<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=IT style='font-size:
11.0pt'>(1) <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=IT style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-weight:bold'>adanch-o=ga
ga'l-a</span></font></b><span lang=IT>
agg-oomm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>cat.SG-fGEN=LIKE
shard-mOBL drink-1sPFV<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>'I drank from a shard <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>LIKE a cat</span></b>.'
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Relative clause=’like’ functions as a complement clause
e.g. with verbs of cognition ('know'), perception ('hear'), utterance ('say'),
manipulation ('tell s.o. to do s.th., cause s.o. to s.o.)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=IT style='font-size:
11.0pt'>(3)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=IT style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-weight:bold'>ayeeti-la
y-itaanti-'e=ga</span></font></b><span lang=IT>
dag-aamm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>who.PRED-DISBELIEF say-2sIPFV-1sO.REL=LIKE
know-1sIPFV<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>'I know <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>THAT (lit. "like")
you will say to me "Who is [this]?!"</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Relative clause=’like’ functions as a purpose clause ('in
order to'/'so that')<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>(4)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-weight:bold'>mann-u
[...] hoog-umb-o=ga</span></font></b><span
lang=EN-AU>
iyy-itaa-s<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>people-mNOM
become_tired-3mNEG.REL-mOBL=LIKE
carry-3fIPFV-3mO<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>'They [= horses] carry people so that (lit. "like") they
don't become tired.' <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>(A translation that better reflects the Kambaata word order: <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>'So that (lit. "like") people do not become
tired</span></b>, they [= horses] carry them.')<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Cross-linguistically, it is widely attested that 'like' can
grammaticalise into a complement clause marker (usually via a quotative
function) but I haven't come across many examples of
'like'/’manner’ being used as a marker of <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>PURPOSE</span></b> clauses outside of Ethiopian
languages. (In Ethio-Semitic, North Omotic and East Cushitic languages,
however, it is quite common to use ‘like’/’manner’ as a
purpose clause marker.) The only non-Ethiopian example I could find so far is
quoted in Schmidtke-Bode (2009: 76).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=IT style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Supyire (Gur: Mali, Carlson 1994: 586)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=IT style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Pi
na
wyige
turu
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>ba</span></b>
pi
gu m-pyi<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>they PROG
hole.DEF
dig.IMPF
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>like</span></b>
they
POT FP-do<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>si
lwOhO
ta mE<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>SUBJ water
get like<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>'They are digging the hole in order to get water.' (lit. "They are
digging a hole as if they were to get some water.")<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>(NB: In the example above, tone marking was left out; E = open 'e', O =
open 'o')<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Do you know of other languages in which 'like' or 'manner' is used as a
marker of purpose clauses? I’d be interested to know about languages that
1) use ‘like’/’manner’ in purpose but NOT in complement
clauses, 2) languages that use ‘like’/’manner’ in
purpose AND complement clauses, 3) languages that use ‘like’/’manner’
as the primary means to mark purpose clauses, 4) languages that use
‘like’/’manner’ as one out of several means to mark
purpose clauses, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Any comments and references would be much appreciated! I will post a
summary if there are enough responses.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=FR style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=FR style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Yvonne Treis<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=FR style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=FR style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=FR style='font-size:
11.0pt'>References:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=FR style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Carlson, Robert 1994. </span></font><span lang=EN-AU>A grammar of
Supyire. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Berlin</st1:City>, <st1:State
w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Mouton de Gruyter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'>Schmidtke-Bode, Karsten 2009. A typology of purpose clauses. <st1:City
w:st="on">Amsterdam</st1:City>, <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:place></st1:City>:
Benjamins.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Cambria><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:Cambria'>**********************************************************************<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Cambria><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:Cambria'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color="#0070c0" face=Cambria><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:#0070C0'>Dr Yvonne Treis<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:black'>Postdoctoral Research
Fellow<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=FR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:black'>LLACAN - UMR 8135 du
CNRS <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=FR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:black'>Centre Georges
Haudricourt, Bat. C <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=FR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:black'>7, rue Guy Môquet B.P.
8 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=FR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:black'>94801 Villejuif Cedex<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=FR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:black'>FRANCE<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=FR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;color:black'><a
href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/YvonneTreis"><span lang=FR>http://cnrs.academia.edu/YvonneTreis</span></a></span></font><font
size=2 color=black face=Cambria><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Calibri><span lang=FR style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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