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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-AU link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Dear colleagues,<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I am looking for languages in which a morpheme meaning 'like' or 'manner' is used to mark purpose clauses.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Here are some examples from Kambaata (Cushitic, Ethiopia) to clarify what I am looking for. In Kambaata, the enclitic morpheme =ga 'like' is used, among others, in the following constructions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Noun=‘like’ means 'like / in the manner of Noun'<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=IT>(1) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=IT>adanch-o=ga ga'l-a</span></b><span lang=IT> agg-oomm<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>cat.SG-fGEN=LIKE shard-mOBL drink-1sPFV<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>'I drank from a shard <b>LIKE a cat</b>.' <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Relative clause=’like’ functions as a complement clause e.g. with verbs of cognition ('know'), perception ('hear'), utterance ('say'), manipulation ('tell s.o. to do s.th., cause s.o. to s.o.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=IT>(3)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=IT>ayeeti-la y-itaanti-'e=ga</span></b><span lang=IT> dag-aamm<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>who.PRED-DISBELIEF say-2sIPFV-1sO.REL=LIKE know-1sIPFV<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>'I know <b>THAT (lit. "like") you will say to me "Who is [this]?!"</b>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Relative clause=’like’ functions as a purpose clause ('in order to'/'so that')<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>(4)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>mann-u [...] hoog-umb-o=ga</b> iyy-itaa-s<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>people-mNOM become_tired-3mNEG.REL-mOBL=LIKE carry-3fIPFV-3mO<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>'They [= horses] carry people so that (lit. "like") they don't become tired.' <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>(A translation that better reflects the Kambaata word order: <b>'So that (lit. "like") people do not become tired</b>, they [= horses] carry them.')<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Cross-linguistically, it is widely attested that 'like' can grammaticalise into a complement clause marker (usually via a quotative function) but I haven't come across many examples of 'like'/’manner’ being used as a marker of <b>PURPOSE</b> clauses outside of Ethiopian languages. (In Ethio-Semitic, North Omotic and East Cushitic languages, however, it is quite common to use ‘like’/’manner’ as a purpose clause marker.) The only non-Ethiopian example I could find so far is quoted in Schmidtke-Bode (2009: 76).<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=IT>Supyire (Gur: Mali, Carlson 1994: 586)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=IT>Pi na wyige turu <b>ba</b> pi gu m-pyi<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>they PROG hole.DEF dig.IMPF <b>like</b> they POT FP-do<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>si lwOhO ta mE<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>SUBJ water get like<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>'They are digging the hole in order to get water.' (lit. "They are digging a hole as if they were to get some water.")<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>(NB: In the example above, tone marking was left out; E = open 'e', O = open 'o')<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Do you know of other languages in which 'like' or 'manner' is used as a marker of purpose clauses? I’d be interested to know about languages that 1) use ‘like’/’manner’ in purpose but NOT in complement clauses, 2) languages that use ‘like’/’manner’ in purpose AND complement clauses, 3) languages that use ‘like’/’manner’ as the primary means to mark purpose clauses, 4) languages that use ‘like’/’manner’ as one out of several means to mark purpose clauses, etc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Any comments and references would be much appreciated! I will post a summary if there are enough responses.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR>Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR>Yvonne Treis<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR>References:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR>Carlson, Robert 1994. </span>A grammar of Supyire. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Schmidtke-Bode, Karsten 2009. A typology of purpose clauses. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'>**********************************************************************<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:#0070C0;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'>Dr Yvonne Treis<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'>Postdoctoral Research Fellow<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'>LLACAN - UMR 8135 du CNRS <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'>Centre Georges Haudricourt, Bat. C <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'>7, rue Guy Môquet B.P. 8 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'>94801 Villejuif Cedex<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'>FRANCE<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'><a href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/YvonneTreis"><span lang=FR>http://cnrs.academia.edu/YvonneTreis</span></a></span><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>