<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear
Yvonne, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">in some
East Caucasian languages one can find converbs that combine manner and purpose meanings
(though I am not sure that the manner meaning is the same that you need). I can
give you examples from two Lezgic languages, Lezgian and Agul.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In Lezgian,
there is a converb in -wal which, when added to participles, forms a
purpose/manner converb. Examples of purpose use from Haspelmath 1993 (I cite
only the translations): ‘Read aloud, so that I, too, may hear it’ or ‘My
brother asked, quietly, so that Nadja wouldn’t hear him…’. Examples of manner
use in what Haspelmath calls ‘as’ clauses: ‘As can be seen from these
examples…’, ‘He did as his mother has said’, ‘Just like nature is glad when
there are bright days…’. For details see Haspelmath 1993 (A grammar of
Lezgian), pp. 392-393, 400.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In Agul,
there us a marker -χildi which also attaches to participles and forms converbs
with purpose or manner meaning. The examples of use are close to those found in
Lezgian; let me cite just two from our Agul Corpus:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(1)<span> </span>za-k-as<span> </span>ha-mi-sa-l
<span> </span>sa<span> </span>dar<span> </span>x.u-raj,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>I-SUB/CONT-ELAT<span> </span>ha-DEMM-LOC-SUPER <span> </span>one<span> </span>tree<span> </span>become.PF-JUSS</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>…baw <span> </span><span> </span>da-q-ag˳.a-χildi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>mother <span> </span>NEG-RE-see.IPF-MNR</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>‘Let me become a tree here, so that
my (step)mother does not see me.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(2)<span> </span>za-s<span> </span>qatːaq’.a-χildi<span> </span>ze<span> </span>dad-ar
–<span> </span>baw-ar.i…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>I-DAT<span> </span>retell.IPF-MNR<span> </span>my<span> </span>father-PL<span> </span>mother-PL(ERG)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>‘As my parents told me… (there were
only three classes in our school before)’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Such
manner/purpose converbs are not the only (and not primary) means of expressing
purpose in these languages. These forms are not used in complement clauses, and
are not used with nouns (‘like N’).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Best,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Timur
Maisak</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Institute</span><span lang="EN-US"> of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://lingvarium.org/maisak/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">http://lingvarium.org/maisak/</span></a><span lang="EN-US"></span></p><br><div class="gmail_quote">2011/8/16 Yvonne Treis <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:yvoennche@gmail.com" target="_blank">yvoennche@gmail.com</a>></span><br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-AU" link="blue" vlink="purple"><div><p class="MsoNormal">Dear colleagues,<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">I am looking for languages in which a morpheme meaning 'like' or 'manner' is used to mark purpose clauses.<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
Here are some examples from Kambaata (Cushitic, Ethiopia) to clarify what I am looking for. In Kambaata, the enclitic morpheme =ga 'like' is used, among others, in the following constructions:<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Noun=‘like’ means 'like / in the manner of Noun'<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT">(1) <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IT">adanch-o=ga ga'l-a</span></b><span lang="IT"> agg-oomm<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">cat.SG-fGEN=LIKE shard-mOBL drink-1sPFV<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">'I drank from a shard <b>LIKE a cat</b>.' <u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Relative clause=’like’ functions as a complement clause e.g. with verbs of cognition ('know'), perception ('hear'), utterance ('say'), manipulation ('tell s.o. to do <a href="http://s.th" target="_blank">s.th</a>., cause s.o. to s.o.)<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT">(3)<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IT">ayeeti-la y-itaanti-'e=ga</span></b><span lang="IT"> dag-aamm<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">who.PRED-DISBELIEF say-2sIPFV-1sO.REL=LIKE know-1sIPFV<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">'I know <b>THAT (lit. "like") you will say to me "Who is [this]?!"</b>.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Relative clause=’like’ functions as a purpose clause ('in order to'/'so that')<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">(4)<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<b>mann-u [...] hoog-umb-o=ga</b> iyy-itaa-s<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">people-mNOM become_tired-3mNEG.REL-mOBL=LIKE carry-3fIPFV-3mO<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">'They [= horses] carry people so that (lit. "like") they don't become tired.' <u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">(A translation that better reflects the Kambaata word order: <b>'So that (lit. "like") people do not become tired</b>, they [= horses] carry them.')<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Cross-linguistically, it is widely attested that 'like' can grammaticalise into a complement clause marker (usually via a quotative function) but I haven't come across many examples of 'like'/’manner’ being used as a marker of <b>PURPOSE</b> clauses outside of Ethiopian languages. (In Ethio-Semitic, North Omotic and East Cushitic languages, however, it is quite common to use ‘like’/’manner’ as a purpose clause marker.) The only non-Ethiopian example I could find so far is quoted in Schmidtke-Bode (2009: 76).<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT">Supyire (Gur: Mali, Carlson 1994: 586)<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT">Pi na wyige turu <b>ba</b> pi gu m-pyi<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">they PROG hole.DEF dig.IMPF <b>like</b> they POT FP-do<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">si lwOhO ta mE<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">SUBJ water get like<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">'They are digging the hole in order to get water.' (lit. "They are digging a hole as if they were to get some water.")<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(NB: In the example above, tone marking was left out; E = open 'e', O = open 'o')<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Do you know of other languages in which 'like' or 'manner' is used as a marker of purpose clauses? I’d be interested to know about languages that 1) use ‘like’/’manner’ in purpose but NOT in complement clauses, 2) languages that use ‘like’/’manner’ in purpose AND complement clauses, 3) languages that use ‘like’/’manner’ as the primary means to mark purpose clauses, 4) languages that use ‘like’/’manner’ as one out of several means to mark purpose clauses, etc.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Any comments and references would be much appreciated! I will post a summary if there are enough responses.<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Regards,<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Yvonne Treis<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">References:<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Carlson, Robert 1994. </span>A grammar of Supyire. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Schmidtke-Bode, Karsten 2009. A typology of purpose clauses. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:#0070C0">Dr Yvonne Treis<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black">Postdoctoral Research Fellow<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black">7, rue Guy Môquet B.P. 8 <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black">94801 Villejuif Cedex<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black"><a href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/YvonneTreis" target="_blank"><span lang="FR">http://cnrs.academia.edu/YvonneTreis</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cambria","serif";color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p></div></div></blockquote></div><br>