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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Wolfgang,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It may be worth looking <span
style=""> </span>a little more closely the semantics of the
‘causatives’
you are investigating. Some causatives are open to a ‘let,
allow’ interpretation,
while others only permit the cause/coercion interpretation. In
the former case,
“causers” can end up looking rather ‘unagentive’, and the
distance to a passive
may not be as far as it would appear at first glance. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Turkish is a case in point:
the causative
morpheme (with various allomorphs, some irregular) is open to
both ‘cause’, but
also to ‘let happen, be unable to prevent’ readings. Thus the
causative verb ka</span><span style="" lang="EN-US">ç-</span><span
style="font-family: "Times New
Roman","serif";" lang="EN-US">ır-mak (go
away-caus-inf) can
mean both ‘kidnap, abduct (a person)’, or ‘miss (an opportunity,
a train etc.)’.<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman","serif";" lang="EN-US">The
following example (from Göksel and Kerslake’s grammar (p.147), I
have added
glosses) is quite similar semantically to your passive example
with the ‘bandits’:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman","serif";" lang="EN-US"> <br>
Sule
el-i-ni makina-ya kap-tır-dı<br>
Shule
hand-poss3s-acc maschine-dat catch-caus-pst(3s)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman","serif";" lang="EN-US">'Shule
got her hand caught in the machine'</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Of course here, the
possessor of the
affected entity here winds up as the subject, while in your
passive example it’s a
genitive attribute. But the semantic overlaps seem worthy of
following up.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Best wishes<br>
Geoff</span></p>
<br>
Am 16.09.2011 13:24, schrieb Wolfgang Schulze:
<blockquote cite="mid:4E7331F2.9000602@lrz.uni-muenchen.de"
type="cite">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
Dear friends,<br>
I'm currently working on instances of passive/causative homonymy.
Let me just give two examples from Manchu (Tungus) to illustrate
the problem:<br>
<br>
Passive:<br>
<i>tere inenggi mi-ni jakûn morin
hûlha-<b>bu</b>-fi</i><br>
that day 1SG-GEN eight horse:NOM
steal-<b>PASS</b>-PFV:CNV<br>
'On that day my eight horses were stolen (by bandits).'<br>
<br>
Causative:<br>
<i>bi morin be ule-<b>bu</b>-me</i><br>
1SG:NOM horse ACC drink-<b>CAUS</b>-IPFV:CNV<br>
'I let the horse drink (water).'<br>
<br>
For <i>-bu-</i> marking the causative we might think of the verb
<i>bu-</i> 'give' as a potential source of grammaticalization.
However, it is far from being clear whether the same <i>-bu-</i>
is present in the passive form. Usually, <i>-bu-</i> is said to
represent a homonymous pair, not an instance of polysemy. However
note that in some other Tungus languages, the formal merger of
passive and causative may show up, too (apart from another,
specialized passive morpheme). Similar instances occur in Korean
(e.g. c<i>ap-hita</i> 'let/have catch, be caught', <i>mul-lita</i>
'have/let bite, be bitten' etc.). Again, grammars normally speak
of secondary homonymy due to specific sound processes.
Nevertheless, I'm not sure whether the parallel between (Southern)
Tungus and Korean is mere coincidence (given the fact that the
languages at issue are spoken in relative neighborhood). However,
before trying to provide an explanation based on the assumption of
the presence of polysemy (that would be rather complex in nature -
I do not want to bother you with this here), I would be eager to
learn whether there are other languages that exhibit the same type
of homonymy, that is a single (!) strategy (morphological or
analytic) to encode passives and causatives. Likewise, I'm totally
ignorant whether this phenomenon has already been discussed in the
literature (my fault, I admit!). So, I would be extremely
thankful, if you could tell me about helpful references and
whether there are other languages that show analogous strategies.
Maybe Estonian is another candidate, cf. <i>soovi-ta </i>'be
wished' ~ '*have something being wished' ~ '*have s.o. wish' >
'recommend', but I'm not sure whether I have got these data
right. <br>
<br>
Very best wishes,<br>
Wolfgang <br>
<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
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lang="EN-US">----------------------------------------------------------</span><span
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
line-height: normal;"><b><span style="" lang="EN-US">Prof.
Dr. Wolfgang Schulze </span></b><span
style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"
lang="EN-US">----------------------------------------------------------
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Institut
für Allgemeine & Typologische Sprachwissenschaft
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
line-height: normal;"><span class="SpellE"><span
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<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
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25
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
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München
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
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0049-(0)89-2180-2486
(Secretary)
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
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</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="EN-US">0049-(0)89-2180-5343
(Office) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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href="mailto:W.Schulze@lrz.uni-muenchen.de"><span
style="" lang="FR">W.Schulze@lrz.uni-muenchen.de</span></a></span><span
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style="font-size: 8pt;"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:Wolfgang.Schulze@lmu.de"><span style=""
lang="FR">Wolfgang.Schulze@lmu.de</span></a></span><span
style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="FR"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"
lang="EN-US">Web: <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.ats.lmu.de/index.html">http://www.ats.lmu.de/index.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"
lang="EN-US">Personal homepage: <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.wolfgangschulze.in-devir.com">http://www.wolfgangschulze.in-devir.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;
line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">----------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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