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<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">Dear Frank,<br>
<br>
> <font color="#006600"><i>I am interested, if anybody
working on languages outside of Africa has ever come across
such an overlap between subjunctive and narrative functions.</i></font><br>
Thanks for an interesting query.<br>
<br>
What you describe for Nalu and Yeyi is typical of a TAM category
which is found in other languages of the world. While it has
been described under various names, there exists a tradition
(especially among French-speaking linguists) to call it “<b>Aorist</b>”.<br>
<br>
</font></font><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">The Aorist
essentially signals that the situational (</font></font><font
size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">temporal, modal</font></font><font
size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">) coordinates of a clause are
<u><b>dependent</b></u> on an external anchor point (e.g.
another clause). Hence its strong affinity with (1)_Sequential,
(2)_Subjunctive uses. It is also often found in Generic
statements (like proverbs), i.e. clauses devoid of any
situational anchor.<br>
</font></font>
<blockquote><small><font size="+1"><small><font face="Book Antiqua">NB:
Somewhat confusingly, the term <i>Aorist </i>has also
been used in various grammatical descriptions (Classical
Greek, Bulgarian, Georgian…), to describe a verbal aspect
which does <i>not</i> seem to share this properties of
[+dependent]. </font></small></font></small><br>
</blockquote>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><br>
Aorist-like categories seem to be common in various parts of
Africa (but see below for a non-African example). <br>
</font></font><font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">Specialists
of Berber described their "Aorist" along lines similar to yours:<br>
</font></font>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><small><font color="#6600cc" size="+1"><small><font
face="Book Antiqua">Galand, Lionel. 2003. <b>L'aoriste
berbère, l'aspect et les valeurs modales</b>. In <i>Mélanges
David Cohen</i>, edited by J. Lentin & A.
Lonnet. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. Pp.235-246.</font></small></font></small></li>
<li><small><font color="#6600cc" size="+1"><small><font
face="Book Antiqua">Taine-Cheikh, Catherine. 2010. <b>The
role of the Berber deictic and TAM markers in
dependent clauses in Zenaga</b>. In <i>Clause
hierarchy and Clause linking: the Syntax and
pragmatics interface</i>, edited by I. Bril. Studies
in Language Companion Series 121. Amsterdam, New York:
Benjamins. Pp.355–398.</font></small></font></small></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">Stéphane Robert has
described a similar category in Wolof (Senegal). The label for
the category was <i>Narrative</i> in Robert (1991), <i>Aoriste</i>
in Robert (1995) and <i>Null tense</i> in Robert (2010) --
[which, incidentally, illustrates the terminological conundrum I
was talking about]:<br>
</font></font>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><small><font color="#6600cc" size="+1"><small><font
face="Book Antiqua">Robert, Stéphane. 1991. <i><b>Approche
énonciative du système verbal: Le cas du Wolof</b></i>.
Edited by S. Auroux. Sciences du Langage. Paris: CNRS.</font></small></font></small></li>
<li><small><font color="#6600cc" size="+1"><small><font
face="Book Antiqua">Robert, Stéphane. </font></small></font><font
color="#6600cc" size="+1"><small><font face="Book Antiqua">1995.
<b>Aoristique et mode subordinatif : liens entre
aspect et prédication</b>. In <i>Langues et
langage. Problèmes et raisonnement en linguistique
(Mélanges offerts à Antoine Culioli)</i>, edited by
J. Bouscaren, J.-J. Franckel & S. Robert.
Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires
de France. Pp.373-389.</font></small></font></small></li>
<li><small><font color="#6600cc" size="+1"><small><font
face="Book Antiqua">Robert, Stéphane. 2010. <b>Clause
chaining and conjugations in Wolof</b>. In <i>Clause
hierarchy and Clause linking: the Syntax and
pragmatics interface</i>, edited by I. Bril. Studies
in Language Companion Series 121. Amsterdam, New York:
Benjamins. Pp.469–498.</font></small></font></small></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">My analysis of Aorist
markers as encoding situational dependency (or “pragmatic
subordination”) originates in her work.<br>
<br>
Another example would be Coptic, and its verbal</font></font><font
size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"> category</font></font><font
size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"> of “Conjunctive”:<br>
</font></font>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><small><font color="#6600cc" size="+1"><small><font
face="Book Antiqua">Depuydt, Leo. 1993. <i><b>Conjunction,
Contiguity, Contingency: On Relationships between
Events in the Egyptian and Coptic Verbal Systems</b></i>.
New York: Oxford University Press.</font></small></font></small></li>
<li><small><font color="#6600cc" size="+1"><small><font
face="Book Antiqua">Reintges, Chris. 2010. <b>Coordination,
converbs and clause chaining in Coptic Egyptian
typology and structural analysis</b>, In <i>Clause
hierarchy and Clause linking: the Syntax and
pragmatics interface</i>, edited by I. Bril. Studies
in Language Companion Series 121. Amsterdam, New York:
Benjamins. Pp.203–266.</font></small></font></small></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><br>
Outside Africa, I have described a similar TAM category
("Aorist") in an Oceanic language called Mwotlap, spoken in
northern Vanuatu:<br>
</font></font>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000066" size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><small>François,
Alexandre. 2003. <i><b>La sémantique du prédicat en
mwotlap (Vanuatu)</b></i>. Collection Linguistique
de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 84. Paris,
Louvain: Peeters. </small><small> [pp.165-198] [<a
href="http://alex.francois.free.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm">link</a>]<br>
</small></font></font></li>
</ul>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua">Some languages </font><font
face="Book Antiqua">around Mwotlap (though not all of them)
share the same semantic category. Below is a study I did of
historical morphology in the region, with a brief semantic
introduction:</font></font><br>
</blockquote>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"></font></font>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><small><font color="#000066" size="+1"><small><font
face="Book Antiqua">François, Alexandre. </font></small></font></small><font
color="#000066" size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><small>2009.
<b>Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of
aorist markers in north Vanuatu</b>. In <i>Austronesian
historical linguistics and culture history: A
festschrift for Bob Blust</i>, edited by A. Pawley
& A. Adelaar. Pacific Linguistics, 601. Canberra:
Australian National University. Pp.179-195.</small><small>
[<a
href="http://alex.francois.free.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2009_Blust-fs_Aorist-pronouns_preprint.pdf">Pdf
link</a>]</small><br>
</font></font></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<font size="+1"><font face="Book Antiqua"><br>
best,</font><font face="Book Antiqua"><br>
Alex.<br>
</font></font>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72"><small><small>--
Dr Alex FRANÇOIS
LACITO - CNRS, France
2009-2012: Visiting Fellow
Dept of Linguistics
School of Culture, History and Language
Australian National University
ACT 0200, Australia
Home address:
31 Ainsworth St, Mawson, ACT 2607, Australia
ph: [h] (+61)-2-6166 5569
[w] (+61)-2-6125 1664
[mob] (+61)-4-50 960 042
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://alex.francois.free.fr">http://alex.francois.free.fr</a>
</small></small></pre>
<small><small>
</small></small><br>
<hr size="2" width="100%">Le 18/09/2011 08:00, Frank Seidel a
écrit :
<blockquote
cite="mid:CAA_6gUChQg3En+S69uheh9it5Xv=k8=4-R2830x8KTZQ=GLg1w@mail.gmail.com"
type="cite">Dear Colleagues,<br>
<br>
I have worked (or am working) descriptively on two non-related
African languages (Yeyi, Bantu) and (Nalu, Atlantic) and in both
languages I have found a marker that works subjunctively, e.g. it
appears in subordinate sentences expressing purpose, wishes,
necessity etc. and it can be used to form polite directives or
obligatives.<br>
<br>
Interestingly to me, the same marker appears in narrative texts
used as a dependent 'tense' marker, i.e. it orders events
consecutively to a (usually aforementioned) event. In other words,
it appears on predicates that encode consecutive events after a
baseline time of reference has been established, usually by a
previous explicitly TAM marked predicate. It basically adds the
meaning 'and then' to the proposition (see example below). <br>
I am interested, if anybody working on languages outside of Africa
has ever come across such an overlap between subjunctive and
narrative functions. However, comments about other African
languages are also highly welcome.<br>
<br>
[Please note that the glossing for Nalu is still preliminary,
since i have just started decoding Nalu grammar.]<br>
<br>
[For people who wonder about a marker <b>ku-</b> being designated
as a subjunctive in a Bantu language, please note that Yeyi also
features the more typically Bantu suffix <b>-e</b> to mark the
subjunctive. In contrast to the 'consecutive tense' <b>ku-</b>
illustrated below this subjunctive form does not appear as a
'consecutive tense'. If <b>ku-</b> is used subjunctively it bears
habitual meaning that is best rendered as 'always' or
'continually' in English. I have included a contrast below after
the narrative example on Yeyi]<br>
<br>
Thanks to all of you in advance for your comments.<br>
<br>
<b>NALU:</b><br>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 59.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="79">
<p class="MsoNormal">möö</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal">b-am</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal">yek-aa</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 221.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="295">
<p class="MsoNormal">nèè</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 59.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="79">
<p class="MsoNormal">DEM</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal">PAST-1sg</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal">say-3sg</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 221.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="295">
<p class="MsoNormal">that</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" style="width: 6.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal">That one said (it) to me that:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 86.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="115">
<p class="MsoNormal">“… Ma-<b>ti</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal">koy</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">nèè </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">m-ba</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 1in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal">ka</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.45in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal">m-caama</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 86.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="115">
<p class="MsoNormal">3s-<b>SUBJ</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal">be(LOC)</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">that</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">CL1-thing</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 1in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal">POSS</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.45in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal">CL1-money</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 67.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal">k-aa</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 72.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="97">
<p class="MsoNormal">rangje-ngah</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 34.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="46">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 52.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 53.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 162.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="216">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 67.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal">PRES-3s</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 72.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="97">
<p class="MsoNormal">arrange-?</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 34.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="46">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 52.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 53.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 162.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="216">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" style="width: 6.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal">… If it is that the thing of money
arranges it, </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: medium none;" width="91"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="24"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="72"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="46"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="38"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="32"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="52"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="19"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="77"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="139"><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 0.95in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal">mö</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">bi</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal">k-aa</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 221.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="295">
<p class="MsoNormal">rangje-ngah</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 0.95in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal">DEM</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">1pl</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal">PRES-3s</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 221.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="295">
<p class="MsoNormal">arrange-?</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" style="width: 6.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal">so we will arrange it.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 86.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="115">
<p class="MsoNormal">Ma-<b>ti</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal">koy</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">nèè </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">m-ba</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 1in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal">naan</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.45in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal">k-aa</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 86.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="115">
<p class="MsoNormal">3s-<b>SUBJ?</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal">be(LOC)</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">that</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">CL1-thing</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 1in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal">as well</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.45in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal">PRES-3s</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 86.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="115">
<p class="MsoNormal">rangje-ngah</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td style="width: 34.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="46">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 52.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 53.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 162.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="216">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 86.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="115">
<p class="MsoNormal">arrange-?</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td style="width: 34.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="46">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 52.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 53.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 162.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="216">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="9" style="width: 6.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal">If it is that another thing arranges
it, </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: medium none;" width="115"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="72"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="46"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="38"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="32"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="52"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="19"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="77"><br>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="139"><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 0.95in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal">mö</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">bi</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal">k-aa</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 221.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="295">
<p class="MsoNormal">rangje-ngah</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 0.95in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal">DEM</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">1pl</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal">PRES-3s</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 221.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="295">
<p class="MsoNormal">arrange-?</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" style="width: 6.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal">so we will arrange it.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 0.7in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="67">
<p class="MsoNormal">min</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 81pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ti</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="60">
<p class="MsoNormal">yek</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">nèè</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal">“wah</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 95.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal">ma-koy”</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 0.7in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="67">
<p class="MsoNormal">1s.PP</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 81pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>CONS</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="60">
<p class="MsoNormal">say</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal">that</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal">“DEM(manner)</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 95.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal">3s-be(LOC)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" style="width: 6.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="590">
<p class="MsoNormal">And then I said that: “That way, it
is.”</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<b><br>
YEYI:</b><br>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 92pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="123">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba‑ruku‑yis‑a</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 66.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="89">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zu‑luwa,</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 99pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="132">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ba‑</span><span
style="">ku</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">‑ti‑p‑a.</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 1.25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="120">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ta‑</span><span
style="">ku</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">‑ly‑a.</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 117pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="156">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ta‑</span><span
style="">ku</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">‑ly‑a.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 92pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="123">
<p class="DissMorph">3p-PPst-take-a</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 66.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="89">
<p class="DissMorph">8-food</p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 99pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="132">
<p class="DissMorph">3p-<b>Cons</b>-3p-give-a</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 1.25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="120">
<p class="DissMorph">1p-<b>Cons</b>-eat-a</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 117pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="156">
<p class="DissMorph">1p-<b>Cons</b>-eat-a</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1.2in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="115">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ta‑</span><span
style="">ku</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">-ly‑a.</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 97.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="130">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ta‑ruku‑man‑a.</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 96.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="128">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ta‑</span><span
style="">ku</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">‑khwam‑a.</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 92.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="123">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ma‑ncehumu</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 92.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="123">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ba‑ruku‑tikya</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1.2in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="115">
<p class="DissMorph">1p-Cons-eat-a</p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 97.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="130">
<p class="DissMorph">1p-PPast-finsih-a</p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 96.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="128">
<p class="DissMorph">1p-Cons-sleep-a</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 92.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="123">
<p class="DissMorph">6-morning</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 92.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="123">
<p class="DissMorph">3p-Past-say</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 92pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="123">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“Tw‑end‑e,</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 111.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="149">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tu‑nu‑thwer‑e.”</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 76.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="102">
<p class="DissMorph"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 92.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="123">
<p class="DissMorph"> </p>
</td>
<td style="width: 92.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="123">
<p class="DissMorph"> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 92pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="123">
<p class="DissMorph">1p-go-Subj</p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 111.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="149">
<p class="DissMorph">1p-2p-show_way-Subj</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 76.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="102">
<p class="DissMorph"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 92.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="123">
<p class="DissMorph"> </p>
</td>
<td style="width: 92.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="123">
<p class="DissMorph"> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" style="width: 6.45in; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="619">
<p class="DissTranslationTable">They took the food, and
gave it to us. And we ate, and ate, and ate. We
finished, and then we slept. In the morining they said:
“Let’s go, let’s take you (to the workplace)”</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<b>ku-</b> and <b>-e </b>in Yeyi<br>
<p class="DissText"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">(933) (Textual
example)</span><span style=""></span></p>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 78.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="105">
<p class="DissExample"><span lang="EN-GB">U-ku-siy-a</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="DissExample"><span lang="EN-GB">ku-shit-a</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 51.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="68">
<p class="DissExample"><span lang="EN-GB">akyo’o</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 64.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="85">
<p class="DissExample"><span lang="EN-GB">ba-nyana.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 78.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="105">
<p class="DissMorph">2s-Cons-leave-a</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="DissMorph">Inf-refuse-a</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 51.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="68">
<p class="DissMorph">like_that</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 64.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="85">
<p class="DissMorph">2-man</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" style="width: 257.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="343">
<p class="DissTranslationTable">You should not continually
refuse men like that.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="DissTextaftertable"><span lang="EN-GB">(Elicited
example)</span></p>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0"
cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="45">
<p class="DissExample"><span style="font-weight: normal;"
lang="EN-GB">(934)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 68.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="92">
<p class="DissExample"><span lang="EN-GB">U-siy-e</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="DissExample"><span lang="EN-GB">ku-shit-a</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 51.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="68">
<p class="DissExample"><span lang="EN-GB">akyo’o</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 64.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="85">
<p class="DissExample"><span lang="EN-GB">ba-nyana.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="45">
<p class="DissMorph"> </p>
</td>
<td style="width: 68.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="92">
<p class="DissMorph">2s-leave-Subj</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 63.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="84">
<p class="DissMorph">Inf-refuse-a</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 51.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="68">
<p class="DissMorph">like_that</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 64.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="85">
<p class="DissMorph">2-man</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"
width="45">
<p class="DissMorph"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="width: 247pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"
valign="top" width="329">
<p class="DissTranslationTable">You should not refuse men
like that.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
</blockquote>
</body>
</html>