<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 14 (filtered medium)"><![if !supportAnnotations]>
<style id="dynCom" type="text/css"><!-- --></style>
<script language="JavaScript"><!--
function msoCommentShow(anchor_id, com_id)
{
if(msoBrowserCheck())
{
c = document.all(com_id);
a = document.all(anchor_id);
if (null != c && null == c.length && null != a && null == a.length)
{
var cw = c.offsetWidth;
var ch = c.offsetHeight;
var aw = a.offsetWidth;
var ah = a.offsetHeight;
var x = a.offsetLeft;
var y = a.offsetTop;
var el = a;
while (el.tagName != "BODY")
{
el = el.offsetParent;
x = x + el.offsetLeft;
y = y + el.offsetTop;
}
var bw = document.body.clientWidth;
var bh = document.body.clientHeight;
var bsl = document.body.scrollLeft;
var bst = document.body.scrollTop;
if (x + cw + ah / 2 > bw + bsl && x + aw - ah / 2 - cw >= bsl )
{ c.style.left = x + aw - ah / 2 - cw; }
else
{ c.style.left = x + ah / 2; }
if (y + ch + ah / 2 > bh + bst && y + ah / 2 - ch >= bst )
{ c.style.top = y + ah / 2 - ch; }
else
{ c.style.top = y + ah / 2; }
c.style.visibility = "visible";
} } }
function msoCommentHide(com_id)
{
if(msoBrowserCheck())
{
c = document.all(com_id);
if (null != c && null == c.length)
{
c.style.visibility = "hidden";
c.style.left = -1000;
c.style.top = -1000;
} }
}
function msoBrowserCheck()
{
ms = navigator.appVersion.indexOf("MSIE");
vers = navigator.appVersion.substring(ms + 5, ms + 6);
ie4 = (ms > 0) && (parseInt(vers) >= 4);
return ie4;
}
if (msoBrowserCheck())
{
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomanchor","background: infobackground");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomoff","display: none");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","visibility: hidden");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","position: absolute");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","top: -1000");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","left: -1000");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","width: 33%");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","background: infobackground");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","color: infotext");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","border-top: 1pt solid threedlightshadow");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","border-right: 2pt solid threedshadow");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","border-bottom: 2pt solid threedshadow");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","border-left: 1pt solid threedlightshadow");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","padding: 3pt 3pt 3pt 3pt");
document.styleSheets.dynCom.addRule(".msocomtxt","z-index: 100");
}
// --></script>
<![endif]><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Batang;
panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:Batang;
panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@Batang";
panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#000066;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoCommentText, li.MsoCommentText, div.MsoCommentText
{mso-style-link:"Commentaire Car";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.MsoListNumber2, li.MsoListNumber2, div.MsoListNumber2
{margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:18.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-indent:0cm;
mso-list:l5 level1 lfo1;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Texte de bulles Car";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
color:#000066;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
span.EmailStyle18
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D;}
p.StyleListenumros2Justifi1, li.StyleListenumros2Justifi1, div.StyleListenumros2Justifi1
{mso-style-name:"Style Liste à numéros 2 + Justifié1";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-indent:0cm;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.CommentaireCar
{mso-style-name:"Commentaire Car";
mso-style-link:Commentaire;
font-family:"Batang","serif";}
p.TitreSection, li.TitreSection, div.TitreSection
{mso-style-name:"Titre Section";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:21.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-indent:-21.0pt;
mso-list:l6 level1 lfo6;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.TitreSection2, li.TitreSection2, div.TitreSection2
{mso-style-name:"Titre Section 2";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:21.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-indent:-21.0pt;
mso-list:l6 level2 lfo6;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.TextedebullesCar
{mso-style-name:"Texte de bulles Car";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Texte de bulles";
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
color:#000066;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:595.3pt 841.9pt;
margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 2.0cm 70.85pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:5596030;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1013677972 -96011180 67895321 67895323 67895311 67895321 67895323 67895311 67895321 67895323;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-style-link:"Style Liste à numéros 2 + Justifié1";
mso-level-text:"\(%1\)";
mso-level-tab-stop:0cm;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0cm;
text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:108.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:180.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:216.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:252.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:288.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:324.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l1
{mso-list-id:503131734;
mso-list-template-ids:-1091915964;}
@list l1:level1
{mso-level-start-at:3;
mso-level-text:%1;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:18.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l1:level2
{mso-level-start-at:2;
mso-level-text:"%1\.%2";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:30.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l1:level3
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:60.0pt;
text-indent:-36.0pt;}
@list l1:level4
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:72.0pt;
text-indent:-36.0pt;}
@list l1:level5
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:102.0pt;
text-indent:-54.0pt;}
@list l1:level6
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:114.0pt;
text-indent:-54.0pt;}
@list l1:level7
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:144.0pt;
text-indent:-72.0pt;}
@list l1:level8
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:156.0pt;
text-indent:-72.0pt;}
@list l1:level9
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8\.%9";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:186.0pt;
text-indent:-90.0pt;}
@list l2
{mso-list-id:675229015;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-594612802 -1457866648 67895321 67895323 67895311 67895321 67895323 67895311 67895321 67895323;}
@list l2:level1
{mso-level-start-at:2;
mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:48.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:48.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l2:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:84.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:84.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l2:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:120.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:120.0pt;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l2:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:156.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:156.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l2:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:192.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:192.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l2:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:228.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:228.0pt;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l2:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:264.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:264.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l2:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:300.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:300.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l2:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:336.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:336.0pt;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l3
{mso-list-id:744911222;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:544644328 1683243298 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l3:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:14.2pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0cm;
text-indent:0cm;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l3:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l3:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:108.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l3:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l3:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:180.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l3:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:216.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l3:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:252.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l3:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:288.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l3:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:324.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l4
{mso-list-id:1152213651;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-111662788 -1866575308 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l4:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l4:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l4:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:108.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l4:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l4:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:180.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l4:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:216.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l4:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:252.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l4:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:288.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l4:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:324.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l5
{mso-list-id:1422602335;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:1837424210 -1364279478 -1865408210 2144631052 67895311 67895321 67895323 67895311 67895321 67895323;}
@list l5:level1
{mso-level-style-link:"Liste à numéros 2";
mso-level-text:"\(%1\)";
mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:18.0pt;
text-indent:0cm;}
@list l5:level2
{mso-level-start-at:400;
mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:-;
mso-level-tab-stop:53.85pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:36.0pt;
text-indent:18.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
@list l5:level3
{mso-level-start-at:3;
mso-level-text:%3-;
mso-level-tab-stop:117.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:117.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l5:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l5:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:180.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l5:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:216.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l5:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:252.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l5:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:288.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l5:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:324.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l6
{mso-list-id:1671982787;
mso-list-template-ids:-1767369828;}
@list l6:level1
{mso-level-style-link:"Titre Section";
mso-level-tab-stop:21.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:21.0pt;
text-indent:-21.0pt;}
@list l6:level2
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-number-format:none;
mso-level-style-link:"Titre Section 2";
mso-level-text:"7\.1\.";
mso-level-tab-stop:21.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:21.0pt;
text-indent:-21.0pt;}
@list l6:level3
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.";
mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:36.0pt;
text-indent:-36.0pt;}
@list l6:level4
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.";
mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:36.0pt;
text-indent:-36.0pt;}
@list l6:level5
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.";
mso-level-tab-stop:54.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-54.0pt;}
@list l6:level6
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.";
mso-level-tab-stop:54.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-54.0pt;}
@list l6:level7
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.";
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:72.0pt;
text-indent:-72.0pt;}
@list l6:level8
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8\.";
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:72.0pt;
text-indent:-72.0pt;}
@list l6:level9
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8\.%9\.";
mso-level-tab-stop:90.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:90.0pt;
text-indent:-90.0pt;}
@list l7
{mso-list-id:1896046852;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:677788550 1683243298 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l7:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:14.2pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0cm;
text-indent:0cm;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l7:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l7:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:108.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l7:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l7:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:180.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l7:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:216.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l7:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:252.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l7:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:288.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l7:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:324.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l8
{mso-list-id:2063823420;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:1628439902 1683243298 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l8:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:14.2pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0cm;
text-indent:0cm;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l8:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l8:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:108.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l8:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l8:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:180.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l8:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:216.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l8:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:252.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l8:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:288.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l8:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:324.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=FR link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>Dear Dr Schulze,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>Mojeño Trinitario, an Arawak language spoken in Bolivia, also shows this polyfunctionality.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>The prefix ko- is used for middle or passive (with mediopassive, impersonal, autocausative or anticausative functions), only on transitive verbs (which then lose their active suffix –ko).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=StyleListenumros2Justifi1 style='margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES-BO style='color:#4F81BD'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>(1)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><i><span lang=ES-BO style='color:#4F81BD'>to vaka t-<b>ko-</b>y(u)wa</span></i><span lang=ES-BO style='color:#4F81BD'> verb <i>yuwa-ko</i> “to chop”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=ES-BO style='color:#4F81BD'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-variant:small-caps;color:#4F81BD'>art</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>.<span style='font-variant:small-caps'>nh</span> meat 3-<span style='font-variant:small-caps'>mid</span>-chop <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'> ‘The meat is chopped. ’<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>The prefix ko- is also used on verbs, in the same position, to express direct causation. It can be used on both active intransitive and transitive verbs, and the active suffix –ko (here its allomorph –‘) is maintained.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=StyleListenumros2Justifi1 style='margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>(2)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>p-<b>k-</b>em-'-a to yuku</span></i><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListNumber2 style='margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;mso-list:none'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'> 2sg-<span style='font-variant:small-caps'>cau</span>-go.out(fire)-<span style='font-variant:small-caps'>act-irr</span> <span style='font-variant:small-caps'>art</span>.<span style='font-variant:small-caps'>nh</span> fire<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListNumber2 style='margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;mso-list:none'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'> </span><span style='color:#4F81BD'>Put out the fire!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b><span style='color:#4F81BD'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>If I remember well, Denis Creissels has told me this polyfunctionality was also found in Korean, Japonese and Hungarian. Denis has a nice explanation for this, at least in Hungarian.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>I could give you more examples if you need.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#4F81BD'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'>Françoise ROSE</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'>Dynamique Du Langage (CNRS, Université Lumière Lyon 2)</span><span style='color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'>Institut des Sciences de l'Homme</span><span style='color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'>14 avenue Berthelot</span><span style='color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'>69363 Lyon Cedex 07</span><span style='color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'>FRANCE</span><span style='color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'>(33) 4 72 72 64 63<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'><a href="http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Rose">http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Rose</a></span><span style='color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:#4F81BD'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:FR'>De :</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:FR'> Discussion List for ALT [mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG] <b>De la part de</b> Wolfgang Schulze<br><b>Envoyé :</b> vendredi 16 septembre 2011 13:25<br><b>À :</b> LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG<br><b>Objet :</b> passive/causative homonymy<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Dear friends,<br>I'm currently working on instances of passive/causative homonymy. Let me just give two examples from Manchu (Tungus) to illustrate the problem:<br><br>Passive:<br><i>tere inenggi mi-ni jakûn morin hûlha-<b>bu</b>-fi</i><br>that day 1SG-GEN eight horse:NOM steal-<b>PASS</b>-PFV:CNV<br>'On that day my eight horses were stolen (by bandits).'<br><br>Causative:<br><i>bi morin be ule-<b>bu</b>-me</i><br>1SG:NOM horse ACC drink-<b>CAUS</b>-IPFV:CNV<br>'I let the horse drink (water).'<br><br>For <i>-bu-</i> marking the causative we might think of the verb <i>bu-</i> 'give' as a potential source of grammaticalization. However, it is far from being clear whether the same <i>-bu-</i> is present in the passive form. Usually, <i>-bu-</i> is said to represent a homonymous pair, not an instance of polysemy. However note that in some other Tungus languages, the formal merger of passive and causative may show up, too (apart from another, specialized passive morpheme). Similar instances occur in Korean (e.g. c<i>ap-hita</i> 'let/have catch, be caught', <i>mul-lita</i> 'have/let bite, be bitten' etc.). Again, grammars normally speak of secondary homonymy due to specific sound processes. Nevertheless, I'm not sure whether the parallel between (Southern) Tungus and Korean is mere coincidence (given the fact that the languages at issue are spoken in relative neighborhood). However, before trying to provide an explanation based on the assumption of the presence of polysemy (that would be rather complex in nature - I do not want to bother you with this here), I would be eager to learn whether there are other languages that exhibit the same type of homonymy, that is a single (!) strategy (morphological or analytic) to encode passives and causatives. Likewise, I'm totally ignorant whether this phenomenon has already been discussed in the literature (my fault, I admit!). So, I would be extremely thankful, if you could tell me about helpful references and whether there are other languages that show analogous strategies. Maybe Estonian is another candidate, cf. <i>soovi-ta </i>'be wished' ~ '*have something being wished' ~ '*have s.o. wish' > 'recommend', but I'm not sure whether I have got these data right. <br><br>Very best wishes,<br>Wolfgang <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'>-- <br><br><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>----------------------------------------------------------</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-US>Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulze </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>---------------------------------------------------------- </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Institut für Allgemeine & Typologische Sprachwissenschaft </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Dept. II / F 13 </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Ludwigstraße 25 </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>D-80539 München </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Tel.: 0049-(0)89-2180-2486 (Secretary) </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt'>0049-(0)89-2180-5343 (Office) </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Fax: 0049-(0)89-2180-5345 </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Email: <a href="mailto:W.Schulze@lrz.uni-muenchen.de">W.Schulze@lrz.uni-muenchen.de</a> /// <a href="mailto:Wolfgang.Schulze@lmu.de">Wolfgang.Schulze@lmu.de</a> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt'>Web: <a href="http://www.ats.lmu.de/index.html">http://www.ats.lmu.de/index.html</a> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt'>Personal homepage: <a href="http://www.wolfgangschulze.in-devir.com">http://www.wolfgangschulze.in-devir.com</a></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>----------------------------------------------------------</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#4D4D4D'>Diese e-Mail kann vertrauliche und/oder rechtlich geschützte Informationen enthalten. Wenn Sie nicht der richtige Adressat sind bzw. diese e-Mail irrtümlich erhalten haben, informieren Sie bitte umgehend den Absender und vernichten Sie diese e-Mail. Das unerlaubte Kopieren sowie das unbefugte Verwenden und Weitergeben vertraulicher e-Mails oder etwaiger, mit solchen e-Mails verbundener Anhänge im Ganzen oder in Teilen ist nicht gestattet. Ferner wird die Haftung für jeglichen Verlust oder Schaden, insbesondere durch virenbefallene e-Mails ausgeschlossen. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div style='mso-element:comment-list'><![if !supportAnnotations]><hr class=msocomoff align=left size=1 width="33%"><![endif]></div></body></html>