<div dir="ltr">Dear all,<br><br>Some time ago, I asked about 'impersonal' or 'generic' uses of the second person. Many people were kind enough to respond, so thanks! I hope to send a proper summary soon.<br>
<br>One thing that doesn't seem to be prominent in the literature, but which turns up abundantly in a corpus study of Modern Hebrew, is the use of the second person for non-generic intrapersonal dialogue (I'll cite the English translation rather than the Hebrew - if someone is interested I can give the Hebrew original). <br>
<br><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i>‘I saw
the faces of those kids. I thought to myself: If I could just say something. Like
now, when I walked around in Hebron and saw the kids I said, you can’t even say
anything to them. They hate you, they don’t want to see you, they think you’re
the enemy, and you are wordless. You have nothing to tell them.’</i><br><br>Furthermore, it can be used to index the speaker in the course of narrating events in which the speaker has taken part:<br></span><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT","serif";color:rgb(20,20,19)"><br>
The kids would get us
these pistols. You’d give the kid 15 shekels and he’d be happy and get you such
a gun. Bags of 100 pellets would cost us 3 shekels. We had plenty of these
pistols in the company, lots. And it was pretty idiotic of the kids to buy them
for us, because many of the soldiers would then use them on the kids. You’d sit
on guard duty and – pop – shoot a kid, pop – shoot a kid <br><br></span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Finally, it can be used to index a non-speaker, non-addressee, evidently to express empathy:<br>
<br></span><font><b><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT","serif";color:rgb(20,20,19)">You saw situations
where people went to the bathroom in their pants?</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT","serif";color:rgb(20,20,19)"> </span></i></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19pt"><font><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT","serif";color:rgb(20,20,19)">Yes.</span></i></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19pt"><font><b><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT","serif";color:rgb(20,20,19)">Why?</span></i></b><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif";color:rgb(20,20,19)"></span></font></p>
<font><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT","serif";color:rgb(20,20,19)">From being beaten, for
the most part. Being beaten to death, and threatened, and screamed at, you are
just terrified. Especially if it’s in front of your kids, they yell and
threaten and scare them, so you also fear for the kids</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif";color:rgb(20,20,19)"> </span></font><br><br>Obviously, there is a lot more to say about this. Minimally, it seems that these functions have to be taken into account in, e.g., semantic maps, such as the ones that Johan van der Auwera and Volker Gast have been working on. The first two of these functions were already noted (for English) by Patricia O'Connor in: <br>
<br>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";font-variant:small-caps">O’Connor</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">, Patricia E., 1994. ‘You could feel it
through the skin’: Agency and positioning in prisoners’ stabbing stories, </span><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT","serif"">Text</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> 14 (1): 45-75.</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p>
<br>I am just finishing up an article on this, which will be published in a really obscure collection of non-linguistic papers. The gist of the paper is to discuss how the second person is used as a linguistic strategy to navigate issues of speaker agency, responsibility, and accountability (together with, e.g., passives, impersonals, and nominalizations). In a sense, most of this was already noted by Bolinger, who said <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">‘The
deeper we go into impersonal you, the more personal it seems.’</span> <br><br>Best wishes, and apologies for the long delay,<br>Eitan<br><br><br>
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