<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Dear All, <br></span></p><p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This is a
summary regarding my inquiry about the coding of participants in morphological
causatives. I apologize for not being able to get it finished sooner. I thank Bill
Croft, Matthew Dryer, Martin Haspelmath, Helle Metslang, Geda Paulsen, Guozhen
Peng, and Jae Song for providing information with respect to the inquiry. I
also thank Peter Arkadiev and Bingfu Lu for their interest in the topic. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In the inquiry,
I wondered whether there were languages that have productive morphological
causatives and a (rich) case-marking system, but show the following pattern
when the base verb of the causative is monotransitive: the Causer of the
causative sentence has the same coding as the subject of a non-causative
monotransitive sentence, the Causee has the same coding as the object of a
non-causative monotransitive sentence, and the object of the monotransitive
base now assumes the same coding as the indirect object of a ditransitive verb. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1. Both Matthew
Dryer and Martin Haspelmath suggested that my use of “indirect object” was
confusing. I agree and should have used “R” (the Recipient argument) to avoid
that confusion. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1 Bill Croft suggested
the following works related to the inquiry: <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Comrie, Bernard.
1976. The syntax of causative constructions: cross-linguistic similarities and
differences. <i>The Grammar of Causative
Constructions</i> (<i>Syntax and Semantics</i>,
Vol. 6.), ed. by <span> </span>Masayoshi Shibatani,<span> </span>261-312. New York: Academic Press. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Cole, Peter.
1983. The grammatical role of the causee in universal grammar. <i>International Journal of American
Linguistics</i> 49.115-133. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Kemmer, Suzanne
and Arie Verhagen. 1994. The grammar of causatives and the conceptual structure
of events. <i>Cognitive Linguistics </i>5.115-56. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Croft, William.
2012. <i>Verbs: Aspect and Causal Structure</i>.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">However, I did
not find any good examples for the pattern in question in the above works. The
only potential examples are several examples of Georgian causatives cited by
Comrie (1976: 282-283). As far as the present tense is concerned, the P
(patient argument of a monotransitive verb), T (theme argument of a
ditransitive verb) and R are marked by the same ending in Georgian. As a
result, one might say that (1) is an example of the pattern in question because
one might be able to argue that “secretary” actually bears the P marker and
“letter” has the R marker. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(1) <span></span>Adapted from Comrie’s examples of (75) and
(77) </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span>Mama-ɸ <span> </span><span></span>masc̩avleblis-tvis <span> </span>mdivan-s<span> </span><span></span>c̩eril-s<span> </span>a-c̩er-ineb-s.
</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span>father-Subj<span> </span>teacher-for<span> </span>secretary-IO<span> </span>letter-DO<span> </span>Caus-write-Caus-Pres</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span>‘Father makes the secretary write the
letter to the teacher.’</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2 Both Helle
Metslang and Geda Paulsen pointed me to Paulsen’s dissertation "Causation
and dominance: a study of Finnish causative verbs expressing social
dominance" (available online at <a href="http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/67355/paulsen_geda.pdf?sequence=3" target="_blank">http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/67355/paulsen_geda.pdf?sequence=3</a>),
which contains causative examples like (1b) on p. 57 of the dissertation. However,
the Finnish pattern is not the same pattern as described in the inquiry, as also pointed
out by Helle Metslang. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.3 Guozhen Peng
mentioned that the following example from Jingpo had exactly the same pattern
as what was described in the inquiry. Her original glosses and translation were
in Chinese. <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(2) <span> </span>Ma<sup>31</sup><span> </span>phe<sup>ˀ55</sup><span> </span>lă<sup>31</sup>pu<sup>31</sup><span> </span><span></span>ʃă<sup>31</sup>pu<sup>31</sup><span> </span><span> </span>uˀ<sup>31</sup>!</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span>child<span> </span>Obj.<span> </span>pants<span> </span><span> </span>cause-wear<span> </span>Imperative</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span>‘Put on pants for the kids!’ <span> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span>However, I am
not sure whether “pants” here truly have the same coding as the R argument of a
ditransitive verb. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.4 Jae Song pointed
me to Chapter 6 of his 1996 book “Causatives and Causation: A
Universal-Typological Perspective” and mentioned that Songhai might allow the
pattern in question. However, I could not find any Songhai example in the book
that shows that pattern. I also studied Tim Shopen and Mamadou Konaré’s article
“Sonrai causatives and passives” (published in 1970 in <i>Studies in African
Linguistics</i>, Vol. 1, Number 2, pp.211-254) and could not find any example of
the pattern in question in it either. <span> <br></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.5 Matthew
Dryer mentioned that a language that has <b>no
case marking</b> on subjects or objects could be said to literally conform to
what was described in the inquiry. He also mentioned a specific language of
this type, namely Kinyarwanda. The pattern is illustrated by (3) below, which
is example (10b) of Dryer’s work “Indirect objects in Kinyarwanda revisited”
(1983) (in <i>Studies in Relational Grammar
I</i>, ed. by David M. Perlmutter, 129-140. Chicago & London: University of
Chicago Press). <br></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(3) <span> </span><span></span>Umugabo
<span> </span>a-r-úubak-iísh-a<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>abaantu<span> </span>inzu.<span> </span><span> </span>(Dryer 1983: 133) </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span><span> </span><span></span>man<span> </span>he-PRES-build-CAUS-ASP<span> </span><span> </span>people<span> </span><span> </span>house</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span><span> </span><span></span>‘The man is making the people build the house.’</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3. Summary of
the summary: So far, I still have not found a language that has productive
morphological causatives and a (rich) <b>case-marking
system</b> and <b>unambiguously</b> shows
the following pattern: in the case of a morphological causative based on a
monotransitive verb the Causer of the causative sentence has the same coding as
the Agent argument of a non-causative monotransitive sentence, the Causee has
the same coding as the Patient argument of a non-causative monotransitive
sentence, and the Patient argument of the monotransitive base now assumes the
same coding as the Recipient argument of a ditransitive verb. The example from
Georgian does not give us unambiguous evidence for this pattern. The one from Kinyarwanda,
though literally conforming to the pattern, does not make a distinction between
P and R in terms of case marking, either. As for why the pattern in question is so
rare, Dryer speculated that this was due to the close relation between
causatives and ditransitives. According to him, “all ditransitive verbs can be
analysed as semantically causatives, where the R is the causee and the T the P
of the original verb.<span> </span>So <i>give</i> is 'cause to have' or 'cause to
come to have', <i>teach</i> is 'cause to
learn', <i>show</i> is 'cause to see', <i>tell</i> is 'cause to hear' or 'cause to
know', <i>persuade of</i> is 'cause to
believe', <i>persuade to</i> is 'cause to
decide to', and so on.<span> </span>I am not
suggesting that all these verbs NEED to be analysed as causatives, rather that
the approximate similarity of these verbs and these causatives means that Rs
are semantically like causees of original transitive verbs. Hence [the strong
tendency of] marking such causees like Rs makes sense.” <br></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4. Once again, I
greatly appreciate all the responses with respect to my inquiry. I would
certainly continue to welcome any pointer to a language that unambiguously
shows the pattern in question. In this regard,
in addition to examples like “The man caused John to build the house”, examples
along the line of "The man caused John to push the girl" or "The
man caused John to kick the boy" would also be very relevant. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span></span></p>
<br>