<body><p>Dear Tianqiao,</p><p>I wouldn't say that East Asian languages (Chinese, Tai-Kadai, Miao-Yao...) don't allow NEG raising, but it depends on which particular combination of a predicate with a negator has come to be encoded in a language. </p><p>In many cases, only one combination is encoded. On general semantic grounds, attitude verbs and verbs of speech are never truth-functional (see my last e-mail). </p><p>So-called raising predicates (seem, happen,...) have a potential, but it depends on the particular language.</p><p>I think that Chinese bei (Passive predicate, Old Chinese 'cover'), heshi 'suitable' and a few others are truth-functional. Example:</p><p> </p><p>(a) ta bei(=PASS) ren bu(=NEG) zunzhong ("He isn't respected by others")</p><p>(b) ta bu(=NEG) bei(=PASS) ren zunzhong ("He isn't respected by others" >>> slightly more often used in North China).</p><p>Chinese yinggai 'should' in its epistemic meaning is almost truth-functional (with a small pragmatic gap):</p><p>ta yinggai bu(=NEG) lai 'He should not come(more uncertainty)' = ta bu yinggai lai 'He should not come(more affirmative)' </p><p>This picture is more or less the same as in the Tai-Kadai languages and Miao-Yao languages.</p><p>In Kam (Tai-Kadai), there is the Passive predicate douh 'touch' which has similar properties as Chinese bei.</p><p>Best,</p><p>Matthias Gerner</p><p>
City University of Hong Kong<o:p></o:p></p><p>
Web: <a href="http://www4.ctl.cityu.edu.hk/~mgerner/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www4.ctl.cityu.edu.hk/~mgerner/</font></a> <o:p></o:p></p><p>
<br><br><br>----- Original Message -----<br><b>From</b>: Mike Tianqiao Lu <tianqiao.lu@GMAIL.COM><br><b>Date</b>: Saturday, May 18, 2013 6:14 am<br><b>Subject</b>: Re: NEG Raising<br><b>To</b>: LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</p><blockquote style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 5px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid;" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Dear Chris,<br><br>The Tai-Kadai languages in Southeast Asian countries and southern part of China do not permit NEG Raising. The Sinitic languages in China also lack such a process. Besides, the scope of negation at different positions of such a sentence would render different meanings in these languages.<br>
<br>Regards,<br><br>Tianqiao Lu<br>School of Linguistic Sciences<br>Jiangsu Normal University<br>57 Heping Road, Xuzhou, China<br>Email: <a href="javascript:main.compose('new','t=tianqiao.lu@gmail.com')">tianqiao.lu@gmail.com</a> Website: <a href="http://maonan.org" target="1">http://maonan.org</a><br>
</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Fri, May 17, 2013 at 9:43 PM, Christopher T Collins <span dir="ltr"><<a href="javascript:main.compose('new','t=cc116@nyu.edu')" target="1">cc116@nyu.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid;">Dear Bjoem,<br><br>Thank you for the Noonan reference! Very helpful.<br><br>The opus classicus is:<br><br>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0pt; -ms-text-autospace:;"><span style='line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>Horn,
Laurence R., 1978. Remarks on neg-raising. In <i>Pragmatics</i>. Peter Cole (ed.)129-220. New York: Academic Press.</span></p>
<br>He talks about which predicates allow NEG Raising and which do not. For example, "hope" does not:<br><br>a. I hope that he is not a werewolf.<br>b. I don't hope that he is a werewolf<br><br>Also, "certain" does not:<br>
<br>a. I am certain he is not a werewolf<br>b. I am not certain he is a werewolf<br><br>He also has a pragmatic theory of which predicates allow NEG Raising and which do not (he calls the ones that<br>do allow it, mid-scalars). Although he is careful to note that there are exceptions.<br>
<br>I do not think that there has been a serious typological investigation of the issue,<br>and the results would be really interesting.<br><br>Chris<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Fri, May 17, 2013 at 6:24 AM, Bjoern Wiemer <span dir="ltr"><<a href="javascript:main.compose('new','t=wiemerb@uni-mainz.de')" target="1">wiemerb@uni-mainz.de</a>></span> wrote:<br>
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<div>Dear Christopher (and all),<br>
thanks for raising the issue of NEG-raising! In light of your mail
and the response by David Gil I would like to make two comments
and one request on what you two observed.<br>
In his classical paper on complementation Noonan (2007 [1985]:
100f.) gave examples with NEG-raising in English with the
CTP-verbs "think, believe, want". He gave the examples cited
below, the first pair coincides with yours. Now, in a footnote (f.
21) Noonan remarked that sentence (214b) is ambiguous, since it
allows for both a reading with and without NEG-raising (i.e. in
the latter case there would only negation of the CTP). He added
that this ambiguity might be conditioned by "a
commitment/non-commitment interpretation of the speaker's
evaluation of the complement proposition" (with further
references).<br>
<br>
(214a) I think that Floyd didn't hit Roscoe.<br>
(214b) I don't think that Floyd hit Roscoe.<br>
<br>
(215a) Zeke believes that Martians don't live in caves.<br>
(215b) Zeke doesn't believe that Martians live in caves.<br>
<br>
(216a) Hugh wants Mary Ann not to win.<br>
(216b) Hugh doesn't want Mary Ann to win.<br>
<br>
David Gil wrote that "'I don't think John is a werewolf' cannot
mean 'I think that John is not a werewolf'". Would other native
speakers judge the same way?<br>
<br>
Thus, two questions arise (in my view). First, wouldn't this
judgment depend on how much commitment you ascribe to your
epistemic attitude toward the proposition in the complement?
Second, do such ambiguities (and possible differences in judgments
between native speakers of the same language) show up with other
verbs of the same conceptual domain (epistemic attitude, report on
speech acts, volition, etc.)? Noonan made his remark quoted above
only with respect to "think", "believe" seems to behave
differently. What about other verbs denoting epistemic attitudes
in English?<br>
From this my request arises: Has anybody worked on such
ambiguities and tried to make up a classification of CTP-verbs (of
epistemic attitude, volitional, etc.) within ONE language, and be
it English. That is to say: apart from _cross_linguistic variation
with respect to the liability toward complementation in general
(and the way complementation is marked syntactically or by lexical
means), it would be interesting to understand whether predicates
denoting epistemic attitudes show variation within even one
language, and what are the conditions.<br>
I would be ready to collect such information and make a small
digest out of it, if anybody sends me pertinent references or
reports. Anyway, I'd be grateful to know more about this issue.<br>
<br>
Best regards,<br>
Björn Wiemer.<br>
<br>
<br>
</div><div><div>
<blockquote type="cite">
Dear Typologists,<br>
<br>
Could you tell me if there are languages that you know or know of
that do not permit NEG Raising.<br>
On a NEG Raising reading of (a), it is felt to mean the same thing
as (b):<br>
<br>
a. I don't think John is a werewolf<br>
b. I think that John is not a werewolf<br>
<br>
Also, strict NPIs are licensed:<br>
<br>
c. John won't be here until 6:00<br>
d. I don't think John will be here until 6:00<br>
<br>
In these sentences 6:00 is a strict NPI, and it needs a negation.<br>
(d) contrasts with (f):<br>
<br>
e. I regret that John won't be here until 6:00<br>
f. *I don't regret John will be here until 6:00<br>
<br>
Other NEG Raising predicates include: think, believe, imagine,
intend, want.<br>
<br>
Chris Collins<br>
<br>
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<br><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">
<br>
</font></span></div></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><span><font color="#888888"><pre cols="72">--
Björn Wiemer
Professor für Slavische Sprachwissenschaft
Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität
Institut für Slavistik
Jakob-Welder-Weg 18
D- 55099 Mainz
tel. <a href="tel:%2B%2B49%2F%206131%2F%2039%20-22186" target="1" value="+4961313922186">++49/ 6131/ 39 -22186</a>
fax <a href="tel:%2B%2B49%2F%206131%2F%2039%20-24709" target="1" value="+4961313924709">++49/ 6131/ 39 -24709</a>
e-mail: <a href="javascript:main.compose('new','t=wiemerb@uni-mainz.de')" target="1">wiemerb@uni-mainz.de</a>
<a href="http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/wiemerb/" target="1">http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/wiemerb/</a>
</pre>
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