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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">A recent paper that discusses ‘see’ as grammaticalizing a conative sense of ‘try’, test out’ in languages of Eurasia, India, West Africa and PNG is:
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Voinov, Vitaly. 2013. ‘Seeing’ is ‘trying’: the relation of visual perception to attemptive modality in the world’s languages.
</span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Language and Cognition</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">. Vol. 5.1: 61–80.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Alec<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">---<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Dr. Alexander R. Coupe, Ph.D.
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> Assistant Professor
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:red">|
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> Nanyang Technological University<br>
HSS-03-56, 14 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637332 <br>
Tel: (65) 6592-1567 </span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray">GMT+8h</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> Fax: (65) 6795-6525
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> Email:
<a href="mailto:arcoupe@ntu.edu.sg"><span style="color:black">arcoupe@ntu.edu.sg</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> Web:
<a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/HSS/Linguistics/Pages/default.aspx">http://www.ntu.edu.sg/HSS/Linguistics</a><br>
<a href="http://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe/">http://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Editor<br>
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area<br>
<a href="http://stedt.berkeley.edu/ltba/">http://stedt.berkeley.edu/ltba/</a><br>
<a href="mailto:ltba.email@gmail.com">ltba.email@gmail.com</a></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Discussion List for ALT [mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Alex Francois<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, 29 July 2013 6:44 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: grammaticalization query: 'see' to 'VERIFY'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p>dear Misha and Timur,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>I'm aware of some languages that use the verb “see” with a conative (TRY) or verificational (VERIF) meaning even when seeing is not involved.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>One example is indeed Mandarin <span style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">看</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> </span></em><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><em>kàn</em>, cited by André Müller.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Another example is French. The infinitive <em>voir</em> (literally ‘see’) follows certain imperative verbs to add a meaning of tentativeness or conativity:<o:p></o:p></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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<td width="39" style="width:29.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">(1)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="64" style="width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>écoute</em><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="49" style="width:36.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><b><span style="color:blue">voir</span></b></em><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="37" style="width:27.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">(si<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">tu<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="74" style="width:55.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">entends<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="48" style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">sa<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="53" style="width:39.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">voix)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="52" style="width:39.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td width="39" style="width:29.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="64" style="width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">listen<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="49" style="width:36.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">TRY<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="37" style="width:27.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">if<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">you<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="74" style="width:55.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">hear<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="48" style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">her<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="53" style="width:39.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">voice<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="52" style="width:39.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
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<td width="39" style="width:29.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="414" colspan="8" style="width:310.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">‘(try to) listen if you can hear her voice.’<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<td width="39" style="width:29.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">(2)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="64" style="width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>goûte</em><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="49" style="width:36.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><b><span style="color:blue">voir</span></b>!</em><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="74" style="width:55.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="48" style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="53" style="width:39.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="52" style="width:39.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td width="39" style="width:29.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="64" style="width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">taste<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="49" style="width:36.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">TRY<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="37" style="width:27.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="74" style="width:55.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="48" style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="53" style="width:39.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="52" style="width:39.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td width="39" style="width:29.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="414" colspan="8" style="width:310.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">‘Try this (to check out the taste).’<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p>I also found the same semantic link in certain Oceanic languages of Vanuatu.<br>
The language <b>Lemerig</b> (2 speakers, northern Vanua Lava) uses the verb <em>’et</em> /ʔɛt/ ‘see’ as a conative postverbal particle
<em>ten</em> (TRY):<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">(3)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="62" style="width:46.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">Lēlqön̄<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">e,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">në<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="61" style="width:45.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">m-ta<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="color:red">’et</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">wë<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">në<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="93" style="width:69.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">k‑mi'ir,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">pa<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">niv.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="62" style="width:46.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">in.night<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">DEF<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">1sg<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="61" style="width:45.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">PRF‑do<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">TRY<o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">COMP<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">1sg<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="93" style="width:69.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">1sg:Irr‑sleep<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">but<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">no<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="56" style="width:42.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="607" colspan="10" style="width:455.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">’Last night I <strong>tried</strong> to find some sleep, but
<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">no way<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">.'<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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</table>
<p>Lemerig <em>’et</em> /<strong>ʔɛt</strong>/ ‘see/TRY’ has cognate forms in neighbouring languages: Vera'a
<em> ’ēn</em> /<strong>ʔɪn</strong>/ ‘see’ + Vurës <em>ten</em> /<strong>tɛn</strong>/ ‘TRY’. <br>
The three forms are regular reflexes of a single protoform *<em>teⁿde</em>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>In <b>Vurës</b>, the grammaticalisation process has <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">reached its end: the word
<em><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">ten</span></em> has lost its original meaning ‘see’ and is only used synchronically as a postverbal particle with conative meaning (TRY):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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<td width="39" style="width:29.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">(4)<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="86" style="width:64.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>Ru</em><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="54" style="width:40.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>tur</em><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="42" style="width:31.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>kal</em><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="44" style="width:33.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><b><span style="color:red">ten</span></b></em><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="58" style="width:43.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>na</em><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="47" style="width:35.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>ēl</em><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="49" style="width:36.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><b><span style="color:red">ten</span></b>!</em><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="39" style="width:29.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"></td>
<td width="86" style="width:64.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt">Imper:Dual</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="54" style="width:40.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt">stand</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="42" style="width:31.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt">up</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td width="44" style="width:33.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt">TRY</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="58" style="width:43.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt">1sg:Irr</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width="47" style="width:35.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt">see</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt">TRY</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">[looking for a knife]<br>
‘<strong>Try</strong> standing up so I can [<strong>try</strong> to] have a look!’<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p>Yet the etymology of this <em>ten</em> is suggested by Lemerig<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> – as well as other examples of the same semantic shift in other languages of the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p>all the best<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Al<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">e<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">x.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">___<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#45818E;background:white">Alex François<br>
<a href="http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/membres/francois.htm" target="_blank">LACITO-CNRS</a>, France<br>
<a href="http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/people/personal/frana_ling.php" target="_blank">Australian National University</a>, Canberra<br>
<a href="http://alex.francois.free.fr" target="_blank">http://alex.francois.free.fr</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">__________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">2013/7/28 André Müller <<a href="mailto:esperantist@gmail.com" target="_blank">esperantist@gmail.com</a>><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Dear Michael & Timur,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Although not quite as high on the grammaticalization scale as the Archi and Agul examples, and with a slightly different meaning, a similar construction does exist in Mandarin Chinese. I don't have Heine & Kuteva 2004 at hand, so I'm not
sure if they mention this.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">The full verb <span style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">看</span> (kàn, lit. 'to see') is used – often in reduplicated form – after other verbs to convey the meaning 'to check out', so
<span style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">吃看看</span> (chī kànkan, lit. 'eat see') means 'to try', referring to food,
<span style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">听看看</span> (tīng kànkan, lit. 'listen see') means 'to check out by hearing'.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
This construction isn't verificational in the strict sense, as it doesn't verify a previous statement. It can be used for "checking out" something unknown, but it can also be used for statements.
<span style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">你吃看看，那个是不是太辣。</span> (Nǐ chī kànkan, nèi ge shì bú shì tài là; lit. you eat see~see, that CLF is not is too spicy) "Eat and try if this is too spicy."<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Greetings,<br>
- André Müller<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">(MPI EVA & Uni Bamberg)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">2013/7/28 Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" target="_blank">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<br>
<br>
in two Lezgic (East Caucasian) languages, Archi and Agul, there is a(n apparently rare) morphological category of verificative, or verificational. Its meaning is 'check whether P is true', where P is the lexical verb with its dependents. Here is an Archi example,
with VERIF in the infinitive:<br>
<br>
qalal-a jašul adam i-r-k:u-s<br>
palace-IN inside person 4.be-INTRG-VERIF-INF<br>
'(He went inside) in order to see whether there was anyone inside the palace. (4 is the agreement class)'<br>
<br>
The following Agul example with VERIF in the past tense shows that VERIF introduces its own argument ('one who checks'):<br>
<br>
gadaji ruš qušunaj-čuk’-une.<br>
boy(ERG) girl go_away.PF.RES-VERIF-AOR<br>
'The boy checked, whether the girl has gone away.'<br>
<br>
(See also this handout for further details: <a href="http://lingvarium.org/maisak/publ/Maisak_Leipzig2009.pdf" target="_blank">
http://lingvarium.org/maisak/publ/Maisak_Leipzig2009.pdf</a>)<br>
<br>
In both languages, the construction seems to result from grammaticalization of the verb 'see' (Archi ak:u- and its Agul cognate). The development seems to be historically and areally independent.<br>
<br>
Although there is a number of grammaticalization paths in which this verbal meaning is involved (see Heine and Kuteva 2004: 269-270; and other developments, including evidential-like meanings), we are unaware of the verb 'see' grammaticalizing into categories
similar to Archi/Agul verificative. We would be happy to learn of any comparable, in functional semantics terms, evidence from other languages.<br>
<br>
Michael Daniel and Timur Maisak<br>
<br>
(if convenient, copy both of us when replying to this message)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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