<div dir="ltr"><div>Maybe we can classify <span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">腥臊羶香 into a marginal kind of verbs. But they still have a lot of syntactic features totally different from the examples in Garifuna and German:</span></div>

<div><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">1) <span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">腥臊羶香 can be modified by degree adverbs, e.g. 很/非常+....</span></span></div>

<div><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal"><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">2) they can appear in a copula sentence with the degree adverb</span></span></div>

<div><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal"><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">3) they can modify a noun, e.g. ...味儿、气</span></span></div>

<div><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal"><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">4) they also ban be used as a noun</span></span></div>

<div><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal"><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">5) they can't take any valent in any way, and there's no way we can complement it with a valent like the examples in Garifuna and German. </span></span></div>

</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Mar 19, 2014 at 9:38 AM, Randy John LaPolla (Prof) <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg" target="_blank">RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg</a>></span> wrote:<br>

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Adjectives are a subclass of verbs in Chinese (monovalent stative verbs).

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<div><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><b>Prof.

 Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b><span> </span>（</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13px"><font face="Song">罗仁地</font></span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal">）|

 Head, Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies | Nanyang Technological University</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><br>

<span>HSS-03-80, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637332</span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><span> | </span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><span>Tel:

 (65) 6592-1825 GMT+8h | Fax: (65) 6795-6525 | <a href="http://sino-tibetan.net/rjlapolla/" target="_blank">

http://sino-tibetan.net/rjlapolla/</a></span></span></span></div>

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<div><span style="font-size:12px">“Impressive as the progress has been, science has by no means worked itself out of a job. It is soberly true that science has, to date, succeeded in solving a bewildering number of relatively easy

 problems, whereas the hard problems, and the ones with perhaps promise most for man’s future, lie ahead.</span><span style="text-transform:none;line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:Verdana;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;border-collapse:separate"></span></div>

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<span style="font-size:12px"><span>  </span>“We must, therefore, stop thinking of science in terms of its spectacular successes in solving problems of simplicity. This means, among other things, that we must stop thinking of science

 in terms of gadgetry.”<span>  </span>Warren Weaver, “Science and complexity”, E:CO 6.3 (2004): 65-74, p. 73.</span><span style="text-transform:none;line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:Verdana;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;border-collapse:separate">

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<div>On Mar 19, 2014, at 10:35 PM, Chunhui Wang wrote:</div>

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<div>In Chinese, <span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">

腥臊羶香</span>can be used as adjectives and nouns, but not verbs. Since what we're talking about is in verbs, I don't think these Chinese words are good examples.</div>

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<div>Thanks.</div>

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<div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Mar 18, 2014 at 11:00 AM, Randy John LaPolla (Prof)

<span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg" target="_blank">RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg</a>></span> wrote:<br>

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<div>In Chinese there are at least three:</div>

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<span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:28.79px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px;float:none;display:inline!important;white-space:normal">膻 (<strong style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">羶</strong>)

 shān 'smell like that of mutton'</span>

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<div style="text-align:left"><span style="line-height:28px">腥 xīng 'smell like that of fish'</span></div>

<div style="text-align:left"><span style="line-height:28px"><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:28.79px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">臊 sāo 'smell like

 that of urine or bad body odor'</span></span></div>

<div style="text-align:left"><span style="line-height:28px"><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:28.79px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal"><br>

</span></span></div>

<div style="text-align:left"><span style="line-height:28px"><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:28.79px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">And a combined

 expression, </span></span><span style="text-align:left;text-transform:none;line-height:24px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal">腥臊羶香 xīng sāo shān xiāng, that refers to the smell

 of chicken, dog, mutton, and beef respectively.</span></div>

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<div><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><b>Prof. Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b><span> </span>（</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13px"><font face="Song">罗仁地</font></span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal">）|

 Head, Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies | Nanyang Technological University</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><br>

<span>HSS-03-80, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637332</span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><span> | </span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><span>Tel:

 (65) 6592-1825 GMT+8h | Fax: (65) 6795-6525 | <a href="http://sino-tibetan.net/rjlapolla/" target="_blank">

http://sino-tibetan.net/rjlapolla/</a></span></span></span></div>

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<div><span style="font-size:12px">“Impressive as the progress has been, science has by no means worked itself out of a job. It is soberly true that science has, to date, succeeded in solving a bewildering number of relatively easy problems, whereas the hard

 problems, and the ones with perhaps promise most for man’s future, lie ahead.</span><span style="text-transform:none;line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:Verdana;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;border-collapse:separate"></span></div>

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<span style="font-size:12px"><span>  </span>“We must, therefore, stop thinking of science in terms of its spectacular successes in solving problems of simplicity. This means, among other things, that we must stop thinking of science in terms of gadgetry.”<span>  </span>Warren

 Weaver, “Science and complexity”, E:CO 6.3 (2004): 65-74, p. 73.</span><span style="text-transform:none;line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:Verdana;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;border-collapse:separate">

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<div>On Mar 18, 2014, at 8:42 PM, Steffen Haurholm-Larsen wrote:</div>

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<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">Dear subscribers,<br>

<br>

It has been observed that such concepts as SEE, HEAR, TOUCH, TASTE and SMELL are in some languages encoded together in just a couple of verbs while other languages have more (see Åke Viberg's "Verbs of Perception" in

<i>Language Typology and Universals: An International Handbook </i>(2001)). Furthermore, there may be a distinction between 'experience' and 'source' and for the latter, the source may be included in a peripheral NP, e.g. 'my hands smell

<u>of fish</u>'. <br>

    But how common is it for the source NP to be lexically encoded in the verb? In Garifuna, an Arawak language spoken in Central America traditionally by a fishing people, there are two verbs for the emission of (bad) smell:

<i>hingi</i>- 'stink' and <i>hase</i>- 'smell of fish'. Is it common for languages to encode culturally salient NP smell sources (or other source NPs) into verbs of perception?<br>

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Best,<br>

<br>

Steffen Haurholm-Larsen<br>

Universität Bern </div>

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