<div dir="ltr">Hi Michael,<div><br></div><div>My impressions are that obligatory exogamy as documented in Amazonia is not really comparable to traditional practices in Australia. Where I do research, it is acceptable to marry somebody who identifies with the same language. The widespread tradition is clan exogamy not linguistic exogamy. The village of course, is not a useful point of reference, as people were nomadic. </div><div><br></div><div>Where I do research, in north-west Arnhem land it is obligatory to marry a person from a different clan. Languages are usually spoken by more than one clan, so it would have always been acceptable to marry somebody with the same language identity. I work mainly with speakers of the language Mawng, who traditionally married speakers from nearby clans, who spoke 5-6 different languages, including Mawng. People who identify with the Mawng language certainly marry one another now, and it is seen as unremarkable. I would estimate the proportion of marriages among 50-60 year olds that could be described as endogamous is around 30-50%. Marriages among that age group were still mostly arranged by elders.</div><div><br></div><div>In north-east Arnhem Land speakers identify clan level 'languages' but from a linguists perspective these 'languages' are related to one another on the variety or dialect level - differences can be quite minimal.</div><div><br></div><div>A useful reference for north-west Arnhem land is:</div><div><div style="line-height:1.35;padding-left:2em" class="">
<div class="">Garde, Murray. 2008. Kun-dangwok: “‘clan lects’” and Ausbau in western Arnhem Land. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> 191. 141–169.</div><div class=""><br></div><div class="">See also Nick Evans' publications:</div><div class=""><div style="line-height:1.35;padding-left:2em" class="">
<div class="">Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Warramurrungunji Undone: Australian languages in the 51st millennium. In Matthias Brenzinger (ed.), <i>Language Diversity Endangered</i>, 342–373. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</div>
<span class="" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warramurrungunji%20Undone%3A%20Australian%20languages%20in%20the%2051st%20millennium&rft.place=Berlin&rft.publisher=Mouton%20de%20Gruyter&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.aulast=Brenzinger&rft.au=Matthias%20Brenzinger&rft.au=Nicholas%20Evans&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=342-373&rft.spage=342&rft.epage=373"></span>
<div class="">Evans, Nicholas. 2010. <i>Dying Words: Endangered Languages and What They Have to Tell Us</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.</div><div class=""><br></div>
<span class="" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying%20Words%3A%20Endangered%20Languages%20and%20What%20They%20Have%20to%20Tell%20Us&rft.place=Malden%2C%20MA&rft.publisher=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.aulast=Evans%2C%20Nicholas&rft.au=Evans%2C%20Nicholas&rft.date=2010"></span></div></div><div class="">I discuss multilingualism in north-west Arnhem land in this paper I am still revising:</div><div class=""><div style="line-height:1.35;padding-left:2em" class="">
<div class="">Singer, Ruth & Harris, Salome. forthcoming. What practices and ideologies support small-scale multilingualism? a case study of unexpected language survival in an Australian Indigenous community. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i>.</div><div class=""><span style="line-height:1.35"><br></span></div><div class=""><span style="line-height:1.35">There are also publications on north-east Arnhem Land and Cape York that would be relevant. And work by Alan Rumsey and Francesca Merlan on language identity.</span></div><div class=""><br></div><div class="">I think it's fair to say that the worldwide picture of small-scale multilingualism, including how it is connected to marriage traditions, still needs a lot of work!</div><div class=""><br></div><div class="">Cheers,</div><div class="">Ruth</div>
<span class="" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What%20practices%20and%20ideologies%20support%20small-scale%20multilingualism%3F%20a%20case%20study%20of%20unexpected%20language%20survival%20in%20an%20Australian%20Indigenous%20community&rft.jtitle=International%20Journal%20of%20the%20Sociology%20of%20Language&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.au=Ruth%20Singer&rft.au=Harris%2C%20Salome"></span></div></div>
<span class="" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kun-dangwok%3A%20%E2%80%98%E2%80%98clan%20lects%E2%80%99%E2%80%99%20and%20Ausbau%20in%20western%20Arnhem%20Land&rft.jtitle=International%20Journal%20of%20the%20Sociology%20of%20Language&rft.volume=191&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft.aulast=Garde&rft.au=Murray%20Garde&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=141-169&rft.spage=141&rft.epage=169"></span></div></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Nov 16, 2014 at 12:33 AM, Michael Daniel <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" target="_blank">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><div>Dear all,<br><br></div>this may seem a slightly off-topic query for this mailing list. (And it is.) Yet as many of the subscribers work in traditional societies, I thought this would be a rather direct way to find what we are looking for. Could you let us know of languages (or linguistic areas) where linguistic <span style="background:rgb(255,255,204)">endogamy</span> is practiced. By linguistic endogamy I mean the practice of marrying to the speakers of the same language (the same village). I am only interested in such cases for<span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px"> minority languages (especially one-village languages or lects).</span></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px">It would be also very helpful if, in addition to answering this query, you could provide us with a reference to the discussion of the relevant facts. <span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">In fact, this seems a very evident question for language ecology, yet we are unaware of studies focusing on linguistic</span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px"> </span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px;background:rgb(255,255,204)">endogamy</span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">.</span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px"> </span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">There is a lot of recent discussion of linguistic exogamy, e.g.: </span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">Aikhenvald 2003, </span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">Franҫois 2012 - among others. </span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">For linguistic endogamy, we are only aware of </span><font face="arial, sans-serif" style="font-size:small">Comrie 2008</font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><div style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2003. Language contact and language change in Amazonia. In: Aterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science series 4 (2003): 1-20.</div><div style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">Comrie 2008. Linguistic Diversity in the Caucasus. Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 131-143.</div><div style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">François, Alexandre. 2012. The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 214, 85-110.</div></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">The reason behind this question is as follows: in Daghestan, language communities we have data for used to practice a more or less strict linguistic </span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px;background:rgb(255,255,204)">endogamy, including one-village languages</span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">. Reports of other areas of great density that we happened to hear lately - which are however confined to Pacific and Australia - describe situations with a more or less consistent linguistic exogamy. We would be interested in getting a more world-scale picture of the distribution of these patterns, and eventually to look into the patterns of neighbour bilingulism in </span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px;background:rgb(255,255,204)">endogamous</span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px"> speech communities and to compare them with what we know about Daghestan.</span><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br></font></span></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px"><br></span></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">Michael Daniel</span></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8000001907349px"><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px">also on behalf of Nina Dobrushina</span></div></font></span></div>
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<br></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Dr Ruth Singer<br>DECRA Postdoctoral Fellow<br>Linguistics Program and Research Unit for Indigenous Language<br>School of Languages and Linguistics<br>Faculty of Arts<br>University of Melbourne 3010<br>Tel. +61 3 90353774<br><a href="http://languages-linguistics.unimelb.edu.au/academic-staff/ruth-singer" target="_blank">http://languages-linguistics.unimelb.edu.au/academic-staff/ruth-singer</a><br><a href="http://indiglang.arts.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank">http://indiglang.arts.unimelb.edu.au/</a></div></div>
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