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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">Dear Philippe,<o:p></o:p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"><br></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> Thank you for your
response.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"><br></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align: left; "><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"><span lang="EN-US"> It is not me who provided the translation </span><span lang="EN-US">"the
apple that the brother bought". I guess that translation was provided by
the author whom Jianming cited. I am afraid that translation is not accurate.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> Also, the way
these examples are presented is different from the way I do.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"><br></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"><span lang="EN-US"> In order to
focus on the meaning and function of the verb for ‘come’, I will use examples
that do not involve an RC.<i> </i>(H</span><span lang="EN-US">anako is a girl’s or a woman’s name.)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"><span lang="EN-US"><br></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">(i) Hanako=ga ringo=o kat-ta.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> Hanako=NOM apple=ACC buy-PST<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> ‘Hanako
bought an apple.’<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">(ii) Hanako=ga ki-ta.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> Hanako=NOM come-PST<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> ‘Hanako
came.’<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">(iii) Hanako=ga ringo=o kat-te ki-ta.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> Hanakk=NOM apple=ACC buy-GNF come-PST<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> ‘Hanako
bought an apple and came.’<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">Yes, the verb <i>ki- </i>‘come’
clearly indicates a motion towards the speaker. It is not obligatory. Even without
it, the sentence sounds natural; see (i).<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">= precedes an enclitic.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">- precedes a suffix, etc.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">ACC: accusative. GNF: general nonfinite. NOM: nominative.
PST: past.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> </font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> I hope this
information is helpful.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font size="4" face="$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B,MS PGothic">Tasaku Tsunoda</font><font size="3" style="font-family: '$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: '$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p></div></div><span id="OLK_SRC_BODY_SECTION" style="font-family: '$B#M#S(B $B#P%4%7%C%/(B', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 20px; "><div style="font-family:?l?r ?o?S?V?b?N; font-size:10pt; text-align:left; color:black; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span> Philippe Bourdin <<a href="mailto:pbourdin@yorku.ca">pbourdin@yorku.ca</a>><br><span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span> 2014$BG/(B12$B7n(B29$BF|7nMKF|(B 15:29<br><span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span> Tasaku Tsunoda <<a href="mailto:tsunoda@ninjal.ac.jp">tsunoda@ninjal.ac.jp</a>><br><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span> Re: [Lingtyp] Inquiry on Japanese grammar<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><div>Dear Tasaku,</div><div><br></div><div>Sorry to bother you with what you will think is maybe a peripheral </div><div>issue, but I was wondering about the semantic contribution that the </div><div>ventive verb -ki- brings to the example you translated as "the apple </div><div>that the brother bought". Does it specifically refer to motion towards </div><div>the speaker (or, more loosely, his sphere of interest)? If not, is it </div><div>obligatory or does it simply make the sentence sound more natural? Could </div><div>itive -iku- be used instead and could it have semantic implications </div><div>other than reference to motion away from the speaker?</div><div><br></div><div>As you may have guessed, I'm a come/go aficionado and I know kuru and </div><div>iku lend themselves to uses that are very subtle, both semantically and </div><div>pragmatically.</div><div><br></div><div>Many thanks.</div><div><br></div><div>Philippe Bourdin</div><div>York University</div><div>Toronto</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Tasaku Tsunoda wrote:</div><blockquote id="MAC_OUTLOOK_ATTRIBUTION_BLOCKQUOTE" style="BORDER-LEFT: #b5c4df 5 solid; PADDING:0 0 0 5; MARGIN:0 0 0 5;"><div> Dear Jianming,</div><div><br></div><div> My name is Tasaku Tsunoda, and I am a native speaker of Japanese.</div><div><br></div><div> My responses are given below.</div><div><br></div><div> From: Jianming Wu <<a href="mailto:wu.jianming2011@gmail.com">wu.jianming2011@gmail.com</a> </div><div> <<a href="mailto:wu.jianming2011@gmail.com>">mailto:wu.jianming2011@gmail.com></a>></div><div> Date: 2014$BG/(B12$B7n(B28$BF|F|MKF|(B 20:59</div><div> To: Jean-Christophe Verstraete </div><div> <<a href="mailto:jean-christophe.verstraete@arts.kuleuven.be">jean-christophe.verstraete@arts.kuleuven.be</a> </div><div> <<a href="mailto:jean-christophe.verstraete@arts.kuleuven.be>">mailto:jean-christophe.verstraete@arts.kuleuven.be></a>></div><div> Cc: <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> </div><div> <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org>">mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>></div><div> Subject: [Lingtyp] Inquiry on Japanese grammar</div><div><br></div><div> Dear typologists,</div><div><br></div><div> The following two questions on Japanese grammar are from a </div><div> graduate stuent in my department. I am wondering if you may offer some </div><div> help for him. Many thanks! </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> Best </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> Jianming Wu</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> Institute of Linguisitcs,</div><div><br></div><div> Shanghai International Studies University</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> " Hello! I am a graduate student at SISU. I have some questions about </div><div> Japanese linguistic facts as I couldn’t find relevant literature. I </div><div> will truly appreciate it if any typologists would kindly answer them </div><div> as below or point me to the relevant literature:</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> 1. Relative clauses (RC) in Japanese can do without RC </div><div> markers. This has been testified by all the examples I have seen in </div><div> the Japanese RC literature. For instance:</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> [*_RC *aniki-ga katte-ki-ta __] ringo </div><div><br></div><div> brother-NOM buy-come-PAST gap apple</div><div><br></div><div> “The apple that the brother bought.”</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> However, a Japanese native informant told me that it does not sound </div><div> natural to omit the RC marker ( $B$J(B /na/) before the head noun. </div><div> Therefore, I wonder if the inconsistency is due to the stylistic </div><div> difference between the spoken and the written language.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> => Japanese does not have any RC marker.</div><div> The sentence above is correct.</div><div><br></div><div> The following book provides a detailed discussion of pre-nominal </div><div> clauses (or RCs) of Japanese.</div><div><br></div><div> Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 1997. Noun-modifying constructions in Japanese[:] </div><div> A frame-semantic approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> I add the following for your information.</div><div> Japanese has no single word for 'brother'. It has /ani /'elder </div><div> brother' and /otooto/ 'younger brother'.</div><div> /Aniki/ literally means "elder brother". But it is often used in </div><div> some other contexts, e.g. referring to an older member in a gangsters' </div><div> group. So, I would not use /aniki/ in sentential examples like the above.</div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> 2. According to Kamio (1977) and Ishizuka (2008), </div><div> demonstratives (Dem) can either precede or follow RCs in Japanese. See </div><div> below:</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> (1) </div><div> *Sono* [aniki-ga katte-ki-ta__] ringo (Kamio, </div><div> 1977)</div><div><br></div><div> that brother-NOM buy-come-PAST gap apple</div><div><br></div><div> “That apple which the brother bought.”</div><div><br></div><div> (2) [minna-ga __ sagasi-teiru] *sono* ronbun</div><div><br></div><div> everyone-NOM gap look-for-ASP that paper</div><div><br></div><div> “That paper which everyone is looking for.”</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> Leaving aside the functional differences, I wonder if there is any </div><div> biased usage of either configuration (Dem-RC or RC-Dem). In a study </div><div> published in a Chinese journal (/Japanese Learning and Research/), </div><div> Sheng (2010: 86-94) has found a significant Dem post-positioning bias </div><div> in RCs in a Japanese corpus study. In fact, only 6 instances of Dem-RC </div><div> configuration were found. However, the corpus is based on Japanese </div><div> novels. I have talked to 2 participants after the experiment and they </div><div> admitted that either configuration (Dem-RC or RC-Dem) was equally </div><div> acceptable to them. So I wonder if the post-positioning bias reported </div><div> in Sheng (2010) is also due to the stylistic difference. I have been </div><div> trying to locate corpus studies based on the spoken Japanese that bear </div><div> on this question, but I couldn’t find any relevant literature in </div><div> English or Chinese. </div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> Thanks a lot!</div><div><br></div><div> Lv Jun"</div><div><br></div><div> => I do not know statistical studies or corpus studies of this issue.</div><div> At least, (1) is ambiguous. It can have two readings.</div><div> </div><div> Reading 1: that apple which ….</div><div> "That" modifies "apple".</div><div> Reading 2: the apple which that elder brother …</div><div> "That" modifies "elder brother".</div><div><br></div><div> (2) is not ambiguous. It has only one reading.</div><div><br></div><div> As far as I can see, there is no stylistic difference between (1) </div><div> and (2).</div><div><br></div><div> The fact that (1) is ambiguous may be one of the reasons why </div><div> Dem-RC is infrequent.</div><div><br></div><div> I hope the above information is of some use.</div><div><br></div><div> Best wishes,</div><div><br></div><div> Tasaku Tsunoda</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> _______________________________________________ Lingtyp mailing list </div><div> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> </div><div> <<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> </div><div> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div><div> ------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br></div><div> _______________________________________________</div><div> Lingtyp mailing list</div><div> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></div><div> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div><div> </div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><br></div></div></div></span></body></html>