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</head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; "><font size="4">Dear Jianming,</font></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; "><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; "> My </font><font face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック,MS PGothic,sans-serif" size="4">name is Tasaku Tsunoda, and I am a native speaker of Japanese.</font></div><div><font face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック,MS PGothic,sans-serif" size="4"><br></font></div><div><font face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック,MS PGothic,sans-serif" size="4"> My responses are given below.</font></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 20px; "><div><br></div></div></div></div><span id="OLK_SRC_BODY_SECTION" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 20px; "><div style="font-family:ÇlÇr ÇoÉSÉVÉbÉN; font-size:10pt; text-align:left; color:black; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span> Jianming Wu <<a href="mailto:wu.jianming2011@gmail.com">wu.jianming2011@gmail.com</a>><br><span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span> 2014年12月28日日曜日 20:59<br><span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span> Jean-Christophe Verstraete <<a href="mailto:jean-christophe.verstraete@arts.kuleuven.be">jean-christophe.verstraete@arts.kuleuven.be</a>><br><span style="font-weight:bold">Cc: </span> <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span> [Lingtyp] Inquiry on Japanese grammar<br></div><div><br></div><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">Dear typologists,</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri"> The following two questions on Japanese grammar are from a graduate stuent in my department. I am wondering if you may offer some help for him. Many thanks! </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri"><br></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">Best </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri"><br></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">Jianming Wu</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri"><br></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">Institute of Linguisitcs,</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">Shanghai International Studies University</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri"><br></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri"><br></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">" </font></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;color:black">Hello! I am a graduate student at SISU. I have some questions about Japanese linguistic facts as I couldn’t find relevant literature. I will truly appreciate it if any typologists would kindly answer them as below or point me to the relevant literature:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><font face="Calibri"> </font><u></u></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">1.</font><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">Relative clauses (RC) in Japanese can do without RC markers. This has been testified by all the examples I have seen in the Japanese RC literature. For instance:<span style="background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial"><u></u><u></u></span></font></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><font face="Calibri"> </font><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px;text-indent:18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">[<b><sub>RC</sub></b>aniki-ga katte-ki-ta __] ringo <u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">brother-NOM buy-come-PAST gap apple<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">“The apple that the brother bought.”<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><font face="Calibri"> </font><u></u></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial"><font face="Calibri">However, a Japanese native informant told me that it does not sound natural to omit the RC marker (</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(51,51,51);background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial">な</span><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial">/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial">na/) before the head noun. Therefore, I wonder if the inconsistency is due to the stylistic difference between the spoken and the written language.</span></font></p></div></span><div><br></div><div><font size="4">=> Japanese does not have any RC marker.</font></div><div><font size="4"> The sentence above is correct.</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4"> The following book provides a detailed discussion of pre-nominal clauses (or RCs) of Japanese.</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="4">Matsumoto,
Yoshiko. 1997. Noun-modifying constructions in Japanese[:] A frame-semantic
approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<!--EndFragment--></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4"> I add the following for your information.</font></div><div><font size="4"> Japanese has no single word for 'brother'. It has <i>ani </i>'elder brother' and <i>otooto</i> 'younger brother'.</font></div><div><font size="4"> <i>Aniki</i> literally means "elder brother". But it is often used in some other contexts, e.g. referring to an older member in a gangsters' group. So, I would not use <i>aniki</i> in sentential examples like the above.</font></div><div><font size="4"> </font></div><span id="OLK_SRC_BODY_SECTION" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 20px; "><div dir="ltr"><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial"><u></u><font face="Calibri"> </font><u></u></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">2.</font><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">According to Kamio (1977) and Ishizuka (2008), demonstratives (Dem) can either precede or follow RCs in Japanese. See below:<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><font face="Calibri"> </font><u></u></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(1)</font><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span><font face="Calibri"><b><span lang="EN-US">Sono</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> [aniki-ga katte-ki-ta__] ringo (Kamio, 1977)<u></u><u></u></span></font></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">that brother-NOM buy-come-PAST gap apple<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px;text-indent:18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">“That apple which the brother bought.”<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(2)</font><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">[minna-ga __ sagasi-teiru] <b>sono</b> ronbun<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">everyone-NOM gap look-for-ASP that paper<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">“That paper which everyone is looking for.”<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><font face="Calibri"> </font><u></u></span></p><p style="font-size:13px;text-indent:0cm;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">Leaving aside the functional differences, I wonder if there is any biased usage of either configuration (Dem-RC or RC-Dem). In a study published in a Chinese journal (<i>Japanese Learning and Research</i>), Sheng (2010: 86-94) has found a significant Dem post-positioning bias in RCs in a Japanese corpus study. In fact, only 6 instances of Dem-RC configuration were found. However, the corpus is based on Japanese novels. I have talked to 2 participants after the experiment and they admitted that either configuration (Dem-RC or RC-Dem) was equally acceptable to them. So I wonder if the post-positioning bias reported in Sheng (2010) is also due to the stylistic difference. I have been trying to locate corpus studies based on the spoken Japanese that bear on this question, but I couldn’t find any relevant literature in English or Chinese. <u></u><u></u></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><font face="Calibri"> </font><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;font-size:13px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><font face="Calibri">Thanks a lot!<u></u><u></u></font></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; ">Lv Jun"</span><br></div></span><div><br></div><div><font size="4">=> I do not know statistical studies or corpus studies of this issue.</font></div><div><font size="4"> At least, (1) is ambiguous. It can have two readings.</font></div><div><font size="4"> </font></div><div><font size="4"> Reading 1: that apple which ….</font></div><div><font size="4"> "That" modifies "apple".</font></div><div><font size="4"> Reading 2: the apple which that elder brother …</font></div><div><font size="4"> "That" modifies "elder brother".</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4"> (2) is not ambiguous. It has only one reading.</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4"> As far as I can see, there is no stylistic difference between (1) and (2).</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4"> The fact that (1) is ambiguous<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>may be one of the reasons why Dem-RC is infrequent.</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4"> I hope the above information is of some use.</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4">Best wishes,</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4">Tasaku Tsunoda</font></div><div><br></div><span id="OLK_SRC_BODY_SECTION" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 20px; "><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div></div>
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