<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Japanese <i class="">yaru</i> comes to mind: <a href="http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/76657/m1u/やる/" class="">http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/76657/m1u/やる/</a>.<br class=""><div class="">
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline !important; float: none;" class="">Siva</span>
</div>
<br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 16 Feb 2015, at 5:14 pm, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de" class="">gil@eva.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;
charset=windows-1252" class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" class="">
Dear all,<br class="">
<br class="">
Does anybody know of languages in which 'give' and 'do'/'make' are
expressed with the same or related words? Or of cases in which
forms expressing one of these two meanings are historically derived
from forms expressing the other meaning? <br class="">
<br class="">
Thanks,<br class="">
<br class="">
David <br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
Further details: <br class="">
<br class="">
My interest in this question stems from current field work on Roon
(South Halmahera West New Guinea, Austronesian). In Roon there is a
single form <i class="">be</i> expressing both 'give' and 'do'/'make'.
(In fact, the same form <i class="">be </i>is associated with a wide range
of grammatical and semantic functions, most or all of which seem to
be derivable diachronically and possibly also synchronically from
either 'give' or 'do'/'make'.) A cognate form <i class="">be </i>meaning
both 'give' and 'do'/'make' is also present in closely related Biak
and Dusner.<br class="">
<br class="">
Identical words for 'give' and 'do'/'make' (but unrelated to <i class="">be</i>)
also occur in at least two nearby non-Austronesian languages, Meyah
and Hatam, and in the geographically proximate Austronesian language
Wooi. However, I have not yet been able to find any other examples
of 'give'-'do'/'make' identity in other languages of the region,
Austronesian or otherwise. Thus, 'give'-'do'/'make' identity seems
to be an areal characteristic of a small region of the eastern
Bird's Head and western Cenderawasih Bay, in which it presumably
spread from the original non-Austronesian to the intrusive
Austronesian languages, through metatypy, relexification, or some
such process.<br class="">
<br class="">
In order to gauge the significance of 'give'-'do'/'make' identity as
a diagnostic feature of language contact, I am thus interested in
getting a feel for how widespread this feature is across the world's
languages. For what it's worth, I can't think of any examples from
other parts of the world — can you?<br class="">
<br class="">
I am also interested in any ideas you might have about what the
semantic basis of the connection between 'give' and 'do'/'make', and
possible mechanisms of semantic generalization. In the
Roon/Biak/Dusner case, at least, the form <i class="">be</i> is clearly
cognate with the proto-Malayo-Polynesian word for 'give', suggesting
that the direction of semantic spread was from 'give' to
'do'/'make'. But I have no information on the other known cases
(Meyah, Hatam, Wooi).<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistics
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
Telephone: 49-341-3550321 Fax: 49-341-3550333
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de">gil@eva.mpg.de</a>
Webpage: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/%7Egil/">http://www.eva.mpg.de/~gil/</a>
</pre>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class=""></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></body></html>