<html><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:16px"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9705"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9728">Hi David,</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9806" dir="ltr"><br><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9728"></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9808" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9728">there is an example of 'give'-'do/make' identity in the (wider) region:</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10857" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9728"><br></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10847" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9728">In Makalero, a language of the Timor-Alor-Pantar family spoken on Timor, 'give' and 'do/make' are both expressed by the root <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11257">-ini</i>. <br></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9938">In the meaning of 'give', this root is combined with an element <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11259">m-</i> plus a personal pronoun referring to the recipient, e.g.</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9940"><br></div><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10035" style="" class=""><i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10870">m-ani-ini</i> (m-1sg-give) -˃ <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11238">manini</i></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10079" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10895">m-ei-ini</i> (m-2sg-give) -˃ <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11220">meini</i></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10094" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10096" dir="ltr" style="" class="">The <i>m-</i> element is most likely a reduced form of the verb <i>mei</i> 'take', which is used to introduce additional arguments such instruments. This is a simplified version; for more information see my dissertation on Makalero (http://www.lotpublications.nl/a-grammar-of-makalero-a-grammar-of-makalero-a-papuan-language-of-east-timor) and Klamer & Schapper's 2012 article on give constructions in TAP languages).</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10591" dir="ltr" style="" class="">In the meaning of 'do/make', <i>-ini</i> does not take the <i>m-</i>prefix.</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10720" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10719" dir="ltr" style="" class="">Makasae, a very closely related language, uses the form <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10984">gini</i> for both meanings. The <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11003">g- </i>prefix is a fossilised 3rd person object marker.</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10766" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10768" dir="ltr" style="" class="">To my knowledge, there are separate lexemes for 'give' and 'do' in the other TAP languages of Timor, Bunaq and Fataluku; for the Alor-Pantar languages, all I can say at the moment is that I've checked Klamer's Teiwa grammar and found separate lexemes.</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11287" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11197" dir="ltr" style="" class="">Best,</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11289" dir="ltr" style="" class="">Juliette</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11195" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_11291" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10431" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_10430" dir="ltr" style="" class=""><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9942" dir="ltr">
</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9999" class="" style="language:de-CH;line-height:90%;margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;mso-vertical-align-alt:auto"><span class="" style="font-size:22.0pt"><span class="" style="mso-special-format:bullet;color:#549E39;mso-color-index:4;font-family:Corbel;font-size:80%"><br></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#007033;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:de-CH;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#007033;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%"></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9709" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9708" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9707" dir="ltr"><font id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9711" size="2" face="Arial"><b id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9714"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9713" style="font-weight:bold;">From:</span></b> David Gil <gil@eva.mpg.de><br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b> "LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG> <br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Monday, February 16, 2015 7:14 AM<br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></b> [Lingtyp] query: 'give' and 'do'/'make'<br> </font> </div> <div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9718" class="y_msg_container"><br><div id="yiv7420198790">
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424160055347_9720">
Dear all,<br>
<br>
Does anybody know of languages in which 'give' and 'do'/'make' are
expressed with the same or related words? Or of cases in which
forms expressing one of these two meanings are historically derived
from forms expressing the other meaning? <br>
<br>
Thanks,<br>
<br>
David <br>
<br>
<br>
Further details: <br>
<br>
My interest in this question stems from current field work on Roon
(South Halmahera West New Guinea, Austronesian). In Roon there is a
single form <i>be</i> expressing both 'give' and 'do'/'make'.
(In fact, the same form <i>be </i>is associated with a wide range
of grammatical and semantic functions, most or all of which seem to
be derivable diachronically and possibly also synchronically from
either 'give' or 'do'/'make'.) A cognate form <i>be </i>meaning
both 'give' and 'do'/'make' is also present in closely related Biak
and Dusner.<br>
<br>
Identical words for 'give' and 'do'/'make' (but unrelated to <i>be</i>)
also occur in at least two nearby non-Austronesian languages, Meyah
and Hatam, and in the geographically proximate Austronesian language
Wooi. However, I have not yet been able to find any other examples
of 'give'-'do'/'make' identity in other languages of the region,
Austronesian or otherwise. Thus, 'give'-'do'/'make' identity seems
to be an areal characteristic of a small region of the eastern
Bird's Head and western Cenderawasih Bay, in which it presumably
spread from the original non-Austronesian to the intrusive
Austronesian languages, through metatypy, relexification, or some
such process.<br>
<br>
In order to gauge the significance of 'give'-'do'/'make' identity as
a diagnostic feature of language contact, I am thus interested in
getting a feel for how widespread this feature is across the world's
languages. For what it's worth, I can't think of any examples from
other parts of the world — can you?<br>
<br>
I am also interested in any ideas you might have about what the
semantic basis of the connection between 'give' and 'do'/'make', and
possible mechanisms of semantic generalization. In the
Roon/Biak/Dusner case, at least, the form <i>be</i> is clearly
cognate with the proto-Malayo-Polynesian word for 'give', suggesting
that the direction of semantic spread was from 'give' to
'do'/'make'. But I have no information on the other known cases
(Meyah, Hatam, Wooi).<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<pre class="yiv7420198790moz-signature">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistics
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
Telephone: 49-341-3550321 Fax: 49-341-3550333
Email: <a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7420198790moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de">gil@eva.mpg.de</a>
Webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7420198790moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/%7Egil/">http://www.eva.mpg.de/~gil/</a>
</pre>
</div>
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