<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=windows-1252"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Words meaning ‘give’ can be a lexical source for causative auxiliary or verb, e.g. Luo miyo (so that, for example, I make it fall would be literally it I-give-it it-fall )--Sorry I don’t have a real example to hand. I believe cognates of miyo ‘give’ are also used as causative verb in other Nilo-Saharan languages. <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">This is not exactly what you’re looking for because in Luo the word doesn’t mean ‘make’ in the sense of 'create’. Analytic causatives are not often based on words meaning ‘make’ ; English is kind of exceptional in that regard. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Still I think the connection between ‘give’ and causative constructions is worth keeping in mind, since conceptual connections attested in grammaticalization paths can also be borrowed/spread areally. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">References: the connection of ‘give’ with causative constructions is mentioned in Kemmer and Verhagen 1994, The grammar of causatives and the conceptual structure of events (Cognitive Linguistics 5).</div><div class="">Also Heine and Kuteva 2002, World Lexicon of Grammaticalization, list ‘give’ —> causative marker as a recurrent grammaticalization path with examples from (as I recall) Southeast Asia.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Suzanne</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Feb 17, 2015, at 10:58 PM, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de" class="">gil@eva.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
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Dear all,<br class="">
<br class="">
Thanks to all of you who responded to my query (reproduced below),
either personally to me or to the LINGTYP list.<br class="">
<br class="">
Many of the examples came, rather surprisingly to me, from familiar
languages, such as the English "Do me a hamburger" (meaning "Give me
a hamburger") and "Give a sigh" (meaning "Make a sigh") (the latter
from a personal message from John Haiman). <br class="">
<br class="">
While these examples suggest that the 'give'-'do'/'make' connection
is indeed cognitively "natural", they would appear to differ from
the cases I'm working on. Specifically, whereas in English and
other such languages, the primary way of saying 'give' and
'do'/'make' is by means of different words that would be listed as
distinct lexical items in any dictionary, in languages such as Roon,
Meyah, etc., there are no distinct words for 'give' and 'do'/'make'
(at least not in the everyday lexicon), hence dictionaries of these
languages would list 'give' and 'do'/'make' as primary meanings for
the same word.<br class="">
<br class="">
Thus, on the basis of the English-like usages, I would now rephrase
my query, and ask for languages in which the same or related form
has both 'give' and 'do'/'make' as BASIC meanings, of the kind that
would be listed in a dictionary. From the responses that I have
received so far, my impression (but please let me know if I've
misinterpreted anything) is that the following languages fit the
bill: Classical Chinese (thanks to Randy LaPolla and Giorgio
Arcodia), the Angan ("Papuan") language Menya (thanks to Carl
Whitehead) and two Timor-Alor-Pantar ("Papuan") languages, Makalero
and Makasae (thanks to Juliette Huber). But more examples would be
greatly appreciated!<br class="">
<br class="">
In particular, I find the Chinese-Papuan connection tantalizing, as
I have just completed a long paper arguing for a Mekong-Mamberamo
linguistic area extending from Southeast Asia to Western New
Guinea. But I would need much more data in order to see if there is
any connection between 'give'-'do'/'make' identity and the
Mekong-Mamberamo area. (Of course, such a connection would be a
very weak one at best, given the predominance of languages without
'give'-'do'/'make' identity even within the area in question).<br class="">
<br class="">
Again, many thanks, and I look forward to more data!<br class="">
<br class="">
David<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 16/02/2015 15:14, David Gil wrote:<br class="">
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<blockquote cite="mid:54E18AC2.8080301@eva.mpg.de" type="cite" class="">
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Dear all,<br class="">
<br class="">
Does anybody know of languages in which 'give' and 'do'/'make' are
expressed with the same or related words? Or of cases in which
forms expressing one of these two meanings are historically
derived from forms expressing the other meaning? <br class="">
<br class="">
Thanks,<br class="">
<br class="">
David <br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
Further details: <br class="">
<br class="">
My interest in this question stems from current field work on Roon
(South Halmahera West New Guinea, Austronesian). In Roon there is
a single form <i class="">be</i> expressing both 'give' and 'do'/'make'.
(In fact, the same form <i class="">be </i>is associated with a wide
range of grammatical and semantic functions, most or all of which
seem to be derivable diachronically and possibly also
synchronically from either 'give' or 'do'/'make'.) A cognate form
<i class="">be </i>meaning both 'give' and 'do'/'make' is also present in
closely related Biak and Dusner.<br class="">
<br class="">
Identical words for 'give' and 'do'/'make' (but unrelated to <i class="">be</i>)
also occur in at least two nearby non-Austronesian languages,
Meyah and Hatam, and in the geographically proximate Austronesian
language Wooi. However, I have not yet been able to find any
other examples of 'give'-'do'/'make' identity in other languages
of the region, Austronesian or otherwise. Thus,
'give'-'do'/'make' identity seems to be an areal characteristic of
a small region of the eastern Bird's Head and western Cenderawasih
Bay, in which it presumably spread from the original
non-Austronesian to the intrusive Austronesian languages, through
metatypy, relexification, or some such process.<br class="">
<br class="">
In order to gauge the significance of 'give'-'do'/'make' identity
as a diagnostic feature of language contact, I am thus interested
in getting a feel for how widespread this feature is across the
world's languages. For what it's worth, I can't think of any
examples from other parts of the world — can you?<br class="">
<br class="">
I am also interested in any ideas you might have about what the
semantic basis of the connection between 'give' and 'do'/'make',
and possible mechanisms of semantic generalization. In the
Roon/Biak/Dusner case, at least, the form <i class="">be</i> is clearly
cognate with the proto-Malayo-Polynesian word for 'give',
suggesting that the direction of semantic spread was from 'give'
to 'do'/'make'. But I have no information on the other known
cases (Meyah, Hatam, Wooi).<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistics
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
Telephone: 49-341-3550321 Fax: 49-341-3550333
Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de">gil@eva.mpg.de</a>
Webpage: <a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/%7Egil/">http://www.eva.mpg.de/~gil/</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br class="">
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistics
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
Telephone: 49-341-3550321 Fax: 49-341-3550333
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de">gil@eva.mpg.de</a>
Webpage: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/~gil/">http://www.eva.mpg.de/~gil/</a>
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