<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Dear colleagues,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:10pt">fear</span></i><span style="font-size:10pt"> + negation of the complement clause verb is common in all more
basilectal varieties (i.e. more African-adstrate influenced varieties) of the
Afro-Caribbean English-lexifier Creoles of West Africa that I am familiar with
(Nigerian Pidgin, Cameroon Pidgin, Pichi, Krio). I am sure that a survey of West African languages of diverse genetic
affiliations would show that this structure is widespread in other (non-Creole)
African languages of the West African linguistic area. An example from Pichi
(Equatorial Guinea) follows. Note that the complement clause is in the subjunctive mood (expressed via the presence of a subjunctive complementizer and the absence of tense marking in the complement clause), similar to the use of subjonctif in French:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">à<span style> </span><span style> </span>dè<span style> </span>fià<span style> </span>se<span style> </span>mek<span style> </span>è<span style> </span>no<span style> </span>kan<span style> </span>tùmarà.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-variant:small-caps">1sg.sbj<span style> </span>ipfv</span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style> </span>fear<span style> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">quot</span><span style> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">sbjv</span><span style> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg.sbj<span style> </span>neg</span><span style> </span>come<span style> </span>tomorrow</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">‘I fear that he will come
tomorrow/ lest he should tomorrow.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-variant:small-caps">quot</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> = quotative marker/indicative complementizer</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-variant:small-caps">sbjv</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> = subjunctive (deontic force) complementizer</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Low tones: grave accent, High
tones: unmarked</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">More acrolectal varieties
(i.e. influenced by West African Standard Englishes) look much more like English, and something like the following example from Ghanaian Pidgin English. Here there is no subjunctive mood and (future) tense marking in the complement clause</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">à dè fiɛ̀ se ì gò kam tùmɔrò </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-variant:small-caps">1sg.sbj ipfv</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> fear <span style="font-variant:small-caps">quot</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg.sbj fut</span> come tomorrow</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">‘I fear that he will come
tomorrow/ lest he come tomorrow.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Cheers,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Kofi</span></p><div class="gmail_extra"><div><div class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size:12.8000001907349px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="color:rgb(192,192,192);font-size:12.8000001907349px">————</span><br></div><font color="#c0c0c0">dr kofi yakpo •</font><font color="#ffcc66"> </font><a href="https://hku-hk.academia.edu/KofiYakpo" style="color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank"><font color="#9999ff">academia.edu</font></a><span style="color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span><span style="color:rgb(192,192,192);font-size:12.8000001907349px">• </span><a href="http://the-linguist.net/" style="font-size:12.8000001907349px;color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank"><font color="#9999ff">the-linguist.net</font></a><font color="#c0c0c0" style="font-size:12.8000001907349px"> • </font><a href="http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715" style="font-size:12.8000001907349px;color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank"><font color="#9999ff">scholars hub</font></a></div><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="color:rgb(192,192,192)">assistant professor • postgraduate coordinator</span><div><font color="#c0c0c0">linguistics • the university of hong kong</font></div></div><div><font color="#c0c0c0"><br></font></div><div><font color="#c0c0c0"><br></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Mar 19, 2015 at 8:55 PM, Everett, Daniel <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:DEVERETT@bentley.edu" target="_blank">DEVERETT@bentley.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">
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<div>Not sure if this is relevant to the discussion, since I haven’t followed it all closely. But there is certainly a contrast in my dialect/idiolect of English depending on the matrix verb: </div>
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English
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<div>I am afraid that he might not be looking for a job. </div>
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<div>Means to me: He might not be looking for a job. I am afraid of that.<br>
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<div>However:</div>
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<div>I wonder if he might not be looking for a job.
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<div>Means to me: I wonder if he is looking for a job.</div>
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<div>Dan</div>
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<div>On Mar 19, 2015, at 8:47 AM, E. Bashir <<a href="mailto:ebashir@YAHOO.COM" target="_blank">ebashir@YAHOO.COM</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div>No, Steve, it really means 'I am afraid that he will/might come.', or slightly archaic 'I am afraid lest he come.'</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Elena Bashir<br>
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<font face="Arial"><b><span style="font-weight:bold">From:</span></b> Steve Pepper <<a href="mailto:pepper.steve@gmail.com" target="_blank">pepper.steve@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> 'Anvita Abbi' <<a href="mailto:anvitaabbi@gmail.com" target="_blank">anvitaabbi@gmail.com</a>>; 'Hartmut Haberland' <<a href="mailto:hartmut@ruc.dk" target="_blank">hartmut@ruc.dk</a>>
<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Cc:</span></b> "'list, typology'" <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>; 'Nina Dobrushina' <<a href="mailto:nina.dobrushina@gmail.com" target="_blank">nina.dobrushina@gmail.com</a>>
<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> Thursday, March 19, 2015 3:10 AM<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Lingtyp] fear + NEG<br>
</font></div><div><div class="h5">
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<div><span style="font-size:11pt">Far be it from me as a non-Hindi native (you can tell me off tomorrow if I’m wrong, Anvita :), but</span><span style="font-size:10pt" lang="HI">...</span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:11pt">Surely</span><span style="font-size:11pt"> the NEG
<i>na</i> means that the thing the speaker is afraid of is that he will <b>
NOT</b> come?</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:11pt">If so, I would translate the example more idiomatically as “I am afraid that he will not come” (despite
the fact that the Hindi uses the subjunctive and not the future form of the verb).</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:11pt">Steve
</span><span style="font-size:10pt" lang="HI">मिर्च</span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:10pt" lang="HI"> </span></div>
<div><a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" name="14c321a93a6d7884__MailEndCompose"><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span></a></div>
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<div><b><span style="font-size:11pt">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"> Lingtyp [<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>]
<b>På vegne av</b> Anvita Abbi<br clear="none">
<b>Sendt:</b> 19. mars 2015 08:52<br clear="none">
<b>Til:</b> Hartmut Haberland<br clear="none">
<b>Kopi:</b> list, typology; Nina Dobrushina<br clear="none">
<b>Emne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] fear + NEG</span></div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<div>
<div><span>The Hindi sentence means </span><span style="font-size:9.5pt">He may come. I am afraid of that. </span><span></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Anvita</span></div>
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<span style="font-size:9.5pt"><a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" href="http://www.andamanese.net/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt">www.andamanese.net</span></a></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span>President: Linguistic Society of India</span><br clear="none">
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<div>On Thu, Mar 19, 2015 at 1:10 PM, Hartmut Haberland <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" href="mailto:hartmut@ruc.dk" target="_blank">hartmut@ruc.dk</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div>I need a clarification here. The Japanese sentence can be paraphrased as: Something bad may have happened. I am afraid of that. But do the Hindi and French sentences mean: He may come. I am afraid of that. Or: He may not
come. I am afraid of that. ?</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>It could just be a question whether the complementizer means that or if (like Japanese ka); the latter would require a negation that disappears when the complementizer is rendered by a that-like conjunction in a different
language. </div>
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<div>Hartmut</div>
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Sendt fra min iPhone</div>
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Den 19/03/2015 kl. 08.17 skrev "Anvita Abbi" <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" href="mailto:anvitaabbi@gmail.com" target="_blank">anvitaabbi@gmail.com</a>>:</div>
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<div><span>Dear All,</span></div>
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<div><span>Hindi is one language with such structures. One example is given here.</span></div>
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<div><i>mujhe Dar hai ki vo aa na jaye</i><span></span></div>
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<div><span>1sg.Dat fear AUX COMP 3sg come NEG come</span></div>
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<div><span>Literal: 'I am afraid that he does not come'</span></div>
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<div><span>Anvita</span></div>
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<span style="font-size:9.5pt">Prof. Anvita Abbi</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;word-spacing:0px;background:white">
<span style="font-size:9.5pt">Director: Centre for Oral and Tribal Literature</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;word-spacing:0px;background:white">
<span style="font-size:9.5pt">Sahitya Akademi</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;word-spacing:0px;background:white">
<span style="font-size:9.5pt">Rabindra Bhavan</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;word-spacing:0px;background:white">
<span style="font-size:9.5pt">35, Ferozeshah Road</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;word-spacing:0px;background:white">
<span style="font-size:9.5pt">New Delhi 110 001</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"></span></div>
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<div><span><a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" href="http://www.andamanese.net/" target="_blank">www.andamanese.net</a></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span>President: Linguistic Society of India</span><br clear="none">
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<div>On Wed, Mar 18, 2015 at 5:09 PM, Michael Daniel <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" target="_blank">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div>Dear all,<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
below is a letter I post on behalf of Nina Dobrushina. If you have any references or ideas that you could share, please send them to her:
<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" href="mailto:nina.dobrushina@gmail.com" target="_blank">
nina.dobrushina@gmail.com</a> (also in the copy above)<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Michael Daniel<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Dear all,<br clear="none">
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could you give me hints on empirical evidence and literature about languages where the predicates of fear (‘fear’, ‘to be afraid’, ‘to worry’ and the like) (tend to) have negation in the complement clause? I am aware of Russian, French (and other Romance languages),
Japanese, and some Turkic languages like Kumyk. Two examples are provided below.<br clear="none">
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French:<br clear="none">
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Je crain-s que la lettre n’ arrive pas<br clear="none">
I fear COMPL DEF letter NEG come.SUBJ.3SG NEG<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
LT: 'I am afraid that the letter does not arrive'<br clear="none">
(less literal 'I am afraid that the letter may not arrive')<br clear="none">
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Japanese (example courtesy Tasaku Tsunoda):<br clear="none">
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Nanika waru-i koto=ga oki-nak-at-ta=ka sinpai=da<br clear="none">
something bad-NPST thing=NOM happen-NEG-LINK-PST=Q worried=COP.NPNST<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
LT: ‘[I] am worried whether something bad did not happen.’<br clear="none">
FT: ‘I am worried that something bad happened.’<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Thanks,<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Nina Dobrushina</div>
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