<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 14 (filtered medium)">
<!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.EmailStyle18
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:3.0cm 2.0cm 3.0cm 2.0cm;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang="DA" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Dear Martine,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In order to answer your questions, I believe it is important to distinguish reportatives (evidential markers of the information source of a proposition) from quotatives (marking
a passage as something someone else has said) (although some expressions may have both reportative and quotative function), and to distinguish genuine imperatives from other means of expressing commands (e.g. declaratives plus deontic modals).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In my book
<i>Epistemic meaning: A crosslinguistic and functional-cognitive study</i> (De Gruyter, 2012), I base my discussion of the issue you raise on such distinctions (see p. 32 on quotatives), and argue (pp. 199-206; in continuation of Aikhenvald 2004) that true,
unequivocal reportatives are not found with true imperatives (unless the reportatives have constituent scope only). In contrast, quotatives may be found with imperatives. I also propose an account of this which is based on scope properties and layered semantic
structure (notably, the distinction between speech acts, propositions and states-of-affairs).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A more brief discussion of the issue is found in: Boye, Kasper. 2010. "Evidence for what? Evidentiality and scope". Björn Wiemer & Katerina Stathi (eds.). Database on evidentiality
markers in European languages. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 63.4. 290-307.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Kasper<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Lingtyp [mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org]
<b>På vegne af </b>Alexandra Aikhenvald<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 7. maj 2015 13:11<br>
<b>Til:</b> Martine Bruil; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Emne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Reportatives in interrogative and imperative sentences<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Dear Martine<br>
<br>
This issue has been extensively addressed in Chapter 8 of my book Evidentiality (OUP, 2004), 8.1.1, Evidentials in questions, and 8.1.2 Evidentiality in commands. If you don't have this book I could send these chapters to you. Then,. the issue of evidentials
in commands and questions was addressed in The grammar of knowledge, OUP, 2014, ed Aikhenvald and Dixon (there are new examples of languages with ample discussion - including languages such as Kurtöp, Ersu, Saaroa, Tatar, Kalmyk...)- I am sure your library
has this book.<br>
<br>
Evidentials in Amazonia have been extensively addressed in Chapter 9 of my Languages of the Amazon (OUP, 2012, paperback 2015) - you probably have this book already.<br>
<br>
We have recently put together a little web-site on Evidentiality, with a number of publications etc on evidentiality. The link is:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://research.jcu.edu.au/lcrc/Research%20Projects/evidentiality" target="_blank">http://research.jcu.edu.au/lcrc/Research%20Projects/evidentiality</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">This is partly a resource for the contributors to The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality; however, it contains reference and a bibliography on this topic, so will hopefully
be useful to many people. This also contains materials on evidentials in commands and in questions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Oxford Handbook of evidentiality will - of course -address this issue in some depth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Further data on evidentials in commands and questions are in my forthcoming paper 'Evidentials and their links with categories' will be coming out in Linguistic Typology
this year. (This is based on a paper given at the workshop you organized last year). I will send you an offprint when it is out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">So the issue is really well researched, and there is a lot of accessible information.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Hope this is helpful.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Best wishes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Sasha<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, PhD, DLitt, FAHA
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Distinguished Professor and Australian Laureate Fellow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Director of the Language and Culture Research Centre<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">James Cook University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://www.jcu.edu.au/faess/JCUPRD_043649.html">http://www.jcu.edu.au/faess/JCUPRD_043649.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">mobile 0400 305315, office 61-7-40421117<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">fax 61-7-4042 1880
<a href="http://www.aikhenvaldlinguistics.com/">http://www.aikhenvaldlinguistics.com/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="https://research.jcu.edu.au/researchatjcu/research/lcrc" target="_blank">https://research.jcu.edu.au/researchatjcu/research/lcrc</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">
<hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" id="stopSpelling">
</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2015 10:52:07 -0700<br>
From: <a href="mailto:martinebruil@gmail.com">martinebruil@gmail.com</a><br>
To: <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
Subject: [Lingtyp] Reportatives in interrogative and imperative sentences<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">I am interested in the use of reportatives in different sentence types in different languages. I would like to know whether a reportative can be used in interrogative and imperative sentences.
If it can be used in interrogatives, what does this mean? Can one use the reportative in sentences in order to report someone else's question, does it mean that you are asking about what has been said or does it have any other effect? Would would the use of
the reportative with imperatives mean? Any examples and references will be highly appreciated!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Martine Bruil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><br>
_______________________________________________ Lingtyp mailing list <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">
Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">
http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>