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    Dear Eva,<br>
    <br>
    Thanks for this valuable contribution.<br>
    <br>
    I suspect that languages of the small Biakic subgroup of
    Austronesian (Biak, Roon and Dusner) might provide a counterexample
    to your proposed generalization, but I'm not entirely sure of this. 
    What is clear is that the form in question, "be", expresses 'give',
    'make'/'do', 'become' and causation, without any valency-changing
    marking.  (One qualification: in Biak but not Roon or Dusner, the
    'make'/'do' function of "be" has been largely but apparently not
    entirely replaced by another lexical item, "frur".)  What I am not
    yet clear about is whether the causative function of "be" in these
    languages is limited to what you refer to internal causation. I
    suspect that it is not, but will need to double-check this; I'm
    grateful to you for driving home the importance of this distinction.<br>
    <br>
    For some more information on the causative function of "be" in Biak,
    I would recommend a look at pp. 392-396 of:<br>
    <br>
    Heuvel, Wilco van den (2006) Biak, Description of an Austronesian
    Language of Papua, LOT, Utrecht.<br>
    <br>
    Best,<br>
    <br>
    David<br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 06/07/2015 04:46, Eva
      Schultze-Berndt wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
      cite="mid:D936E42B14E7844A83785499BD3687E06E89FB4F@MBXP11.ds.man.ac.uk"
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          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> Dear David and all,</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> A do/become polysemy (even
            without detransitivisation operations of any sort) is
            attested in various languages – I have described it for the
            Australian (W. Mirndi) language Jaminjung (Schultze-Berndt
            2000: Ch 5) and more generally in (Schultze-Berndt 2008),
            where I also mention Samoan (Mosel & Hovdhaugen 1992:
            113) and Yimas (Foley 1991: 293-300).  </p>
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            14px; font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> In the 2008 paper I argue that
            the notion of ‘internal causation’, as per Levin &
            Rappaport Hovav (1994, 1995), can account for these diverse
            uses of ‘do’ verbs as well as additional uses attested
            cross-linguistically, e.g. with translation equivalents of
            ‘happen’, ‘feel’, and ‘exhibit property’. That is, verbs
            like these do not have the semantic component of agentivity
            and control associated with ‘do’ verbs in an SAE perspective
            (and consequently with a primitive predicate ‘DO’ in various
            decompositional semantic frameworks!) but rather encode that
            a participant manifests an event, a state change, a quality
            or a condition which corresponds to an inherent property of
            this participant. (Cf. Levin & Rappaport Hovav’s (1995:
            91) definition of internally caused eventualities as
            “conceptualised as arising from inherent properties of their
            arguments”, applied by them to English verbs like <i>tremble</i>
            or <i>glitter</i>).</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> In Jaminjung, the inchoative use
            of the verb is indeed restricted to internally caused state
            changes, e.g. ‘become big’ = ‘grow’, ‘become night’, or
            ‘turn into a devil’ (see ex. below). State changes like
            ‘break’ or ‘open’ – corresponding to what Levin &
            Rappaport Hovav (1995) term ‘externally caused state
            changes’ – are encoded in Jaminjung by complex verbs which
            are formed with a different verb, ‑<i>ijga</i> ‘go’. This is
            the pattern I would predict for other languages with a ‘do’
            / ‘become’ “polysemy” (without valency change), but I would
            be interested to learn otherwise.</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align:
            justify; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial;"> Examples
            from Jaminjung are below. The same verb functions as a
            generalised action verb and a speech framing verb with
            quotations (a polysemy widespread in Australian languages),
            an inchoative verb which encodes the transition into a state
            or class, as well as a light verb with predicates of
            internal motion, light/sound emission, and physical or
            emotional condition. (It does not function as a verb of
            creation (‘make’) though):</p>
          <ol>
            <li style="margin: 4px 0px 0px; font-size: 14px;
              font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <i><span
                  class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span></i><br>
            </li>
            <li style="margin: 4px 0px 0px; font-size: 14px;
              font-family: Arial;"><i>    yurru-wu-</i><b><i>yu</i></b>
            </li>
          </ol>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> do.what=now? <span
              class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>1PL.INCL>3SG-POT-do</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> ‘what are we going to do?’</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align:
            justify; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; min-height:
            16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align:
            justify; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial;"> <span
              class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span><i>wurrguru<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>nganthu-wu-</i><b><i>yu</i></b></p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> devil <span
              class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>2SG>3SG-POT-do</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> ‘you will turn into a devil’ </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <ol>
            <li style="margin: 4px 0px 0px; font-size: 14px;
              font-family: Arial;"><i>nga</i><b><i>-yunggu</i></b><i>-m</i>
            </li>
          </ol>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> itchy / sad<span
              class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>1SG>3SG-do-PRS</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> ‘I am/feel itchy/sad’ (lit.: ‘I
            do itchy / sad’)</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> Jaminjung also uses the ‘give’
            verb to form the reflexive/reciprocal of ‘say’ since the
            ‘say/do’ verb is defective in this respect (details also in
            Schultze-Berndt 2000).</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align:
            justify; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; min-height:
            16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align:
            justify; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; min-height:
            16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> Foley, William A. (1991). <i>The
              Yimas language of New Guinea</i>. Stanford: Stanford
            University Press.</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; text-indent:
            -36px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Helvetica;"> Levin,
            Beth, and Malka Rappaport Hovav (1994). 'A preliminary
            analysis of causative verbs in English'. <i>Lingua, 92</i>,
            35-77.</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; text-indent:
            -36px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Helvetica;"> Levin,
            Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav (1995). <i>Unaccusativity:
              at the syntax-lexical semantics interface</i>. Cambridge,
            MA: MIT Press.</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 22.7px; text-indent:
            -22.7px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial;"> Mosel,
            Ulrike & Even Hovdhaugen (1992). <i>Samoan Reference
              Grammar. </i>Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; text-indent:
            -36px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial;">
            Schultze-Berndt, Eva (2000). <i>Simple and complex verbs in
              Jaminjung: A study of event categorisation in an
              Australian language.</i> (PhD), University of Nijmegen,
            Nijmegen.   </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; text-indent:
            -36px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial;">
            Schultze-Berndt, Eva (2008). 'What do “do” verbs do? The
            semantic diversity of generalised action verbs', in
            Elisabeth Verhoeven, Stavros Skopeteas, Yong-Min Shin, Yoko
            Nishina and Johannes Helmbrecht (eds.), <i>Studies on
              Grammaticalization</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 
            185-208. </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; text-indent:
            -36px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; min-height:
            16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> Best,</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial; min-height: 16px;"> <br>
          </p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size:
            14px; font-family: Arial;"> Eva</p>
          <p style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 36px; text-indent:
            -36px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; min-height:
            16px;"> <br>
          </p>
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                          <div style="font-size:13px;
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                              class="Apple-style-span"
                              style="font-size:medium">-------------------------------------------------------

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                          <div style="font-size:13px;
                            font-family:Tahoma"><span
                              class="Apple-style-span"
                              style="font-size:medium">Eva
                              Schultze-Berndt</span></div>
                          <div style="font-size:13px;
                            font-family:Tahoma"><span
                              class="Apple-style-span"
                              style="font-size:medium">Professor of
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                              class="Apple-style-span"
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                              class="Apple-style-span"
                              style="font-size:medium">School of Arts,
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                              class="Apple-style-span"
                              style="font-size:medium">The University of
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                              style="font-size:medium">E-mail: <a
                                class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
                                href="mailto:eva.schultze-berndt@manchester.ac.uk">eva.schultze-berndt@manchester.ac.uk</a></span></div>
                          <div style="font-family:Tahoma"><font size="3">Office

                              (summer 2015): S1.09b, Samuel Alexander
                              Building</font></div>
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          <div id="divRpF492838" style="direction: ltr;"><font
              color="#000000" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b>
              Lingtyp [<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
                href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>]
              on behalf of Lewis Lawyer [<a
                class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
                href="mailto:lclawyer@ucdavis.edu">lclawyer@ucdavis.edu</a>]<br>
              <b>Sent:</b> 04 July 2015 00:37<br>
              <b>To:</b> LingTyp<br>
              <b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] "become"<br>
            </font><br>
          </div>
          <div>
            <div dir="ltr">
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                <div>
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <div>Dear David,<br>
                        Another example for you---not a historical
                        source so much as a synchronic derivation:<br>
                        In Patwin (Wintuan family, Penutian
                        "superfamily", of California) the verb <i>lelu</i>
                        'make' can be reflexivized to express the
                        meaning 'become'.  Similar to Dr. Dryer's Walman
                        example, but with 'make' rather than 'do' (<i>lelu</i>
                        never means 'do' in Patwin).  Also perhaps more
                        agentive than prototypical 'become', though
                        sometimes translated that way.<br>
                        <br>
                        (1)  ču   pi        depi   no:p   
                        lelu-nana-t'i.<br>
                      </div>
                            I     DECL  also   deer    make-REFL-FUT<br>
                    </div>
                         'I'm going to turn into a deer too.'  (Whistler
                    1977:169)<br>
                    <br>
                  </div>
                  (2)  k'učiʔa-ro         p'o:rma-ro    bo:    
                  win          lelu-nan-mu            [...]<br>
                </div>
                      small-PTCP     bad-PTCP   be      person    
                make-REFL-SBJV<br>
              </div>
                   (He) made himself a small and ugly person.  (Radin
              MS:103)<br>
              <div>
                <div>
                  <div><br>
                    <br>
                  </div>
                  Whistler, Kenneth W.  1977.  Deer and Bear Children. 
                  Speakers: Nora Lowell and Harry Lorenzo.  In Northern
                  California Texts, edited by Victor Golla and Shirley
                  Silver, 158-179. International Journal of American
                  Linguistics Native American Texts Series 2(2). 
                  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<br>
                  <div><br>
                  </div>
                  <div>Radin, Paul.  MS.  Patwin Texts.  Collected 1932,
                    from speaker Anderson Lowell.  In the American
                    Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native
                    American Languages, American Philosophical Society. 
                    Call number: 497.3 B63c P4b6-7.<br>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                <div>Cheers,<br>
                </div>
                <div>-Lewis<br>
                </div>
                <div><br>
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                <br>
                -- <br>
                <div class="gmail_signature">
                  <div dir="ltr"><br>
                    Lewis C. Lawyer<br>
                    PhD Candidate in Linguistics<br>
                    University of California, Davis<br>
                    <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                      href="mailto:lclawyer@ucdavis.edu" target="_blank">lclawyer@ucdavis.edu</a></div>
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      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <br>
    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
David Gil

Department of Linguistics
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany

Telephone: 49-341-3550321 Fax: 49-341-3550333
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@eva.mpg.de">gil@eva.mpg.de</a>
Webpage:  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/%7Egil/">http://www.eva.mpg.de/~gil/</a>

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