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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>You may find the following paper of interest. The paper lists quite a number of nominalizers in this Eastern Nilotic language, but especially explores the patterning of two nominalizers relative to semantic role versus animacy, and lexical aspect of the verb roots involved. (Un)known and/or speculated-on diachronic sources are also listed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.5pt'>Payne, Doris L. and Derek Olsen. 2009. Maa (Maasai) Nominalization: Animacy, Agentivity and Instrument.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.5pt'>In Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. Masangu Matondo, Fiona<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.5pt'>Mc Laughlin, and Eric Potsdam, 151-165. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. <a href="http://www.lingref.com">www.lingref.com</a>, document #2143<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.5pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.5pt'><a href="http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2143.pdf">http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2143.pdf</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Doris<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>_______________________<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Doris L. Payne<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Professor of Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Interim Director, African Studies<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>University of Oregon<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Eugene, Oregon 97403<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>541-346-3894<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> Lingtyp [mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Eitan Grossman<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, January 06, 2016 2:07 AM<br><b>To:</b> LINGTYP <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br><b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] agent nominalization<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>I am writing to ask a question about 'agent'* nominalizations across languages. I am interested in agent nominalizers that do or don't have known diachronic sources, in the attempt to understand which diachronic pathways are attested (and hopefully, their relative frequency/rarity). For example, some languages have:<br><br>(a) bound morphemes whose diachronic source is clearly identifiable, whether lexical (Japanese -nin or -sya 'person; Khwe and Meskwaki are similar, or Japanese -te 'hand') or grammatical (Serbo-Croatian -l(o) from an original instrumental meaning, perhaps similarly for Afroasiatic m-).<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>(b) bound morphemes whose diachronic source may be mysterious or reconstructible as such to the proto-language (Quechuan -q?, Malay-Indonesian peng-/pe-?).<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>(c) free morphemes whose diachronic source is clearly identifiable (Ponoapean olen ''man of')<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>(d) more complex constructions involving the reduction of modifier clauses of some sort (Coptic ref- < ultimately from 'person who verbs')<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>(e) rarer morphosyntactic alternations, like reduplication of the initial syllable (Hadze, Serer), vowel length (Akan), vowel raising (+breathiness) (Nuer) <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>(f) no such nominalizer mentioned, or explicitly mentioned that there is no dedicated agent noun construction. In some languages, ad hoc formation via relatives is the only (Tlapanec), main, or a supplementary strategy (e.g., Indonesian relativizer yang).<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>(g) zero conversion<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>There is nice paper by Luschuetzky & Rainer in STUF 2011, but it deals almost exclusively with affixes and only rarely mentions diachronic information.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>From a <u>very</u> preliminary survey of grammars, it looks like the origin of agent nominalizers is often pretty obscure, and the shortest and most bound morphemes look to be very old, quite expectedly. Identifiable lexical sources seem to converge around 'person, thing' or body parts. Reduction of complex constructions to an affix seems to be rare but attested. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b>So, here's the question: in your languages, is the diachronic source of agent nominalizers identifiable? </b> I'd be grateful for any information you might be willing to share!<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Best,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Eitan<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>*Disclaimer: even though this is a common term, most languages I've seen don't single out the semantic role of agent, and this is often noted in theoretical discussions. Also, such nominalizations don't have to be derivational or even 'morphological.'<br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br>Eitan Grossman<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Lecturer, Department of Linguistics/School of Language Sciences<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Hebrew University of Jerusalem<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Tel: +972 2 588 3809<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Fax: +972 2 588 1224<o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>