<div dir="ltr"><div>Dear Eitan,</div><div><br></div><div>In Atong, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Meghalaya State, Northeast India, the phrasal enclitic <<i>=gaba ~ =ga</i>> can be used as agent nominaliser, among various other things (van Breugel 2014: 297ff. and van Breugel 2010). As Atong does not have verbs and nouns as separate word classes, so it would be better to say that the enclitic <<i>=gaba ~ =ga</i>> makes a phrase it attaches to referential. A phrase that denoted an event without the enclitic refers to an individual or set of individuals with the enclitic attached. In Atong, the predicate is a type of phrase within the clause; any word that can function as its head belongs to the predicative word class. Predicative words can denote things, persons, events, questions etc. etc.</div><div><br></div><div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Here are two examples of how</font> the phrasal enclitic <<i>=gaba ~ =ga</i>> functions as "agent nominaliser"<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">(1) The word </span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>soʔot</i></span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i> </i>means 'kill'.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>soʔot</i></span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>=gaba</i> (kill=NOMINALISER) can refer to a 'killer', the agent interpretation, or to a 'thing/person killed', the "undergoer" interpretation.</span><br></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">(2) The word <i>rin</i> means 'keep as domestic animal'</span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>rin=gaba</i> (k</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">eep.as.domestic.animal=NOMINALISER) can mean 'a herd', like a cow herd, the agent interpretation, or the animal herded or kept, the undergoer interpretation.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I don't know the etymology of the morpheme </span><=gaba ~ =ga>. The closely related language Garo (see Burling 2004) has the very similarly functioning mo<font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">rpheme <<i>=gəpa</i>> (spelled gipa in Garo orthography).</font></div><div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In Lyngam [lŋam], an Austroasiatic language also spoken </font>in Meghalaya State, Northeast India, there is an agent nominaliser <<i>no</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>ŋ</i>>. Research is still ongoing, but apparently the word can occur on its own meaning 'skilled person/craftsman'. In its nominalising function, it occurs before the word it nominalises. Here are some examples (in IPA, so [j] represents the glide) </span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i><br></i></span></div><div><i>no</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>ŋ</i></span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>-hikaj</i> (NOMINALISER-teach) 'teacher'</span></div><div><i>no</i><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">ŋ</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>-blla</i> (NOMINALISER-labor) 'laborer'</span></div><div><i>no</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>ŋ-sda</i></span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>ŋ</i> (</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">NOMINALISER-begin) 'founder'</span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The closely related languages Pnar (see Ring 2015:71) and Khasi also have this nominaliser.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div>References:<br></div><div>van Breugel, Seino. 2014. <i>A grammar of Atong</i>. Leiden, Boston: Brill.</div><div><span lang="EN-AU" style="text-indent: -1cm;">van Breugel, Seino. 2010. No common argument, no extraction, no gap: Attributive clauses in Atong and beyond. <i>Studies in Language</i></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="text-indent: -1cm;"> 34 (3), 493-531.</span></div><div><span lang="EN-AU" style="text-indent: -1cm;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1cm">Burling, Robbins. 2004. <i><span lang="EN-GB">The
Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo).</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span lang="EN-GB">Vol. I: Grammar</span></i>. New Delhi: Bibliophile South Asian in association
with Promilla & Co., Publishers.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1cm">Ring, Hiram. 2015. A grammar of Pnar. PhD thesis. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1cm"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1cm"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1cm">Seino</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1cm"><span style="text-indent: -1cm;"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SeinovanBreugel">https://independent.academia.edu/SeinovanBreugel</a></span><br></p></span></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Jan 6, 2016 at 11:47 PM, Mike Morgan <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:mwmbombay@gmail.com" target="_blank">mwmbombay@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div>As for Sign Languages<br><br>- American Sign Language (ASL) uses an older form of the sign PERSON as agentative suffix(this form no longer occurs independently)<br></div></div>- Indian Sign Language (ISL) and Nepali SIgn Language (NSL) both also use their (still contemporary) signs PERSON as agentative "suffix" (note: these signs, as indeed the overwhelming majority of signs, are completely unrelated in the two sign languages)<br></div>- Japanese SIgn Language (JSL, also known as Nihon Shuwa NS) uses the sign for MALE-PERSON (as the unmarked, or FEMALE-PERSON when gender is considered important) as agentiative (suffix) (LESS commonly the sign PERSON, which is in fact simply tracing the kanji <i>hito</i> 'person' in the air with index finger, is used)<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><div><div class="h5"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Jan 6, 2016 at 9:32 PM, Guillaume Jacques <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:rgyalrongskad@gmail.com" target="_blank">rgyalrongskad@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear Eitan,<div><br></div><div>In the Sino-Tibetan family, some languages have prefixed agent participal markers, like Japhug (<i>kɯ</i>- participles) and other Gyalrong languages. These prefixes have no obvious source, and are likely to be very ancient (fossiled traces of them can be found elsewhere in the family).</div><div><br></div><div>Most ST languages have recent (and suffixal) agent nominalizers that originate from nouns with various meanings:</div><div><br></div><div>(a) In some varities of Tibetan, including Lhasa, the agent nominalizer suffix -mkhan [ɲɛ̃] comes from mkhan.po 'master, expert'</div><div>(b) Many languages have agent nominalizer coming from a noun meaning 'man' (for instance Pumi -<i>mə </i>still synchronically transparent, cf <i>mə̂ </i>'man'; other languages have agent nominalizer coming from a nom meaning 'man', but not synchronically transparent, as Khaling -<i>pɛ</i>).</div><div><br></div><div>Guillaume</div><div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div><div>2016-01-06 11:07 GMT+01:00 Eitan Grossman <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" target="_blank">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>></span>:<br></div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div>Dear all,<br><br></div>I am writing to ask a question about 'agent'* nominalizations across languages. I am interested in agent nominalizers that do or don't have known diachronic sources, in the attempt to understand which diachronic pathways are attested (and hopefully, their relative frequency/rarity). For example, some languages have:<br><br>(a) bound morphemes whose diachronic source is clearly identifiable, whether lexical (Japanese -nin or -sya 'person; Khwe and Meskwaki are similar, or Japanese -te 'hand') or grammatical (Serbo-Croatian -l(o) from an original instrumental meaning, perhaps similarly for Afroasiatic m-).<br></div>(b) bound morphemes whose diachronic source may be mysterious or reconstructible as such to the proto-language (Quechuan -q?, Malay-Indonesian peng-/pe-?).<br></div><div>(c) free morphemes whose diachronic source is clearly identifiable (Ponoapean olen ''man of')<br></div><div>(d) more complex constructions involving the reduction of modifier clauses of some sort (Coptic ref- < ultimately from 'person who verbs')<br></div><div><div><div>(e) rarer morphosyntactic alternations, like reduplication of the initial syllable (Hadze, Serer), vowel length (Akan), vowel raising (+breathiness) (Nuer) <br></div><div>(f) no such nominalizer mentioned, or explicitly mentioned that there is no dedicated agent noun construction. In some languages, ad hoc formation via relatives is the only (Tlapanec), main, or a supplementary strategy (e.g., Indonesian relativizer yang).<br></div><div>(g) zero conversion<br></div><div><br></div><div>There is nice paper by Luschuetzky & Rainer in STUF 2011, but it deals almost exclusively with affixes and only rarely mentions diachronic information.<br><br></div><div>From a <u>very</u> preliminary survey of grammars, it looks like the origin of agent nominalizers is often pretty obscure, and the shortest and most bound morphemes look to be very old, quite expectedly. Identifiable lexical sources seem to converge around 'person, thing' or body parts. Reduction of complex constructions to an affix seems to be rare but attested. <br><br></div><div><b>So, here's the question: in your languages, is the diachronic source of agent nominalizers identifiable? </b> I'd be grateful for any information you might be willing to share!<br></div><div><br></div><div>Best,<br></div><div>Eitan<br><br></div><div>*Disclaimer: even though this is a common term, most languages I've seen don't single out the semantic role of agent, and this is often noted in theoretical discussions. Also, such nominalizations don't have to be derivational or even 'morphological.'<span><font color="#888888"><br clear="all"></font></span></div><span><font color="#888888"><div><div><div><div><div><div dir="ltr"><br><br></div><div dir="ltr"><br>Eitan Grossman<div>Lecturer, Department of Linguistics/School of Language Sciences<br></div><div>Hebrew University of Jerusalem</div><div>Tel: <a href="tel:%2B972%202%20588%203809" value="+97225883809" target="_blank">+972 2 588 3809</a></div><div>Fax: <a href="tel:%2B972%202%20588%201224" value="+97225881224" target="_blank">+972 2 588 1224</a></div></div></div></div>
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<br></span></blockquote></div><span><font color="#888888"><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div>Guillaume Jacques<br>CNRS (CRLAO) - INALCO<br><a href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques" target="_blank">http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques</a><br><div><a href="http://himalco.hypotheses.org/" target="_blank">http://himalco.hypotheses.org/</a></div><div><a href="http://panchr.hypotheses.org/" target="_blank">http://panchr.hypotheses.org/</a></div></div>
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<br></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br></div></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div>mwm || *U*C> || mike || माईक || માઈક || মাঈক || மாஈக || مایک ||мика || <br><div>戊流岸マイク <br>(aka Dr Michael W Morgan)<br>sign language instructor / sign language linguist / linguistic typologist<br>academic advisor, <br>BBV (Bhartiya Badhir Vidyalaya), Lucknow (INDIA)<br></div></div></div></div>
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