<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head>
<body class="" style="word-wrap:break-word">
<font face="Verdana" size="4" class="">Hi All,</font>
<div class=""><font face="Verdana" size="4" class="">I personally think there are problems of methodology and explanation in WO studies. See the following paper and the references therein:</font>
<div class=""><font face="Verdana" size="4" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-left:18pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-AU" class="" style="font-size:12pt">LaPolla, Randy J. 2002. Problems of methodology and explanation in word order universals research,
<i class="">Dongfang Yuyan yu Wenhua (Languages and Cultures of the East), </i>ed. by Pan Wuyun, 204-237. Shanghai: Dongfang Chuban Zhongxin.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-left:18pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-AU" class="" style="font-size:12pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a href="http://randylapolla.net/papers/LaPolla_2002_Problems_of_Methodology_and_Explanation_in_Word_Order_Universals_Research.pdf" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" class="" style="font-size:12pt">http://randylapolla.net/papers/LaPolla_2002_Problems_of_Methodology_and_Explanation_in_Word_Order_Universals_Research.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" class="" style="font-size:12pt"></span></p>
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><font face="Verdana" size="4" class="">Randy</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="Verdana" size="4" class=""><br class="">
</font>
<div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 18 Jan 2016, at 8:41 pm, Jan Rijkhoff <<a href="mailto:linjr@dac.au.dk" class="">linjr@dac.au.dk</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class=""><style class="">
<!--
@font-face
{font-family:Arial}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math"}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri}
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"}
.MsoChpDefault
{font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Calibri}
@page WordSection1
{margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt}
-->
</style><style id="owaParaStyle" type="text/css" class="">
<!--
-->
</style>
<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div class="" style="direction:ltr; font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt"><style class="">
<!--
@font-face
{font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝"}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math"}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri}
@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter"}
@font-face
{font-family:AdvP497E2}
@font-face
{font-family:⁄ê∏Ôˇølæ—}
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"}
p
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier}
span.p-match
{font-family:"Times New Roman"}
.MsoChpDefault
{font-size:10.0pt}
@page WordSection1
{margin:70.9pt 70.9pt 70.9pt 70.9pt}
div.WordSection1
{}
-->
</style>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="">I think the last word has not been said about Greenbergian word order correlations, mainly because semantic categories and formal categories have not always been clearly distinguished in post-Greenberg (1963) word order studies
(Rijkhoff 2009a).* For example, both Hawkins (1983: 12) and Dryer (1992: 120) claimed that they followed Greenberg (1963: 74) in ‘basically applying semantic criteria’ to identify members of the same category across languages, but in practice these semantically
defined forms and constructions are treated as formal entities. </p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="">If Hawkins and Dryer applied semantic criteria in their cross-linguistic studies, this implies, for example, that their semantic category Adjective must also have included verbal and nominal expressions of adjectival notions (such
as relative clauses and genitives), which are typically used in languages that lack a dedicated class of adjectives:</p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><u class=""><span class="" style="">Kiribati
</span></u><span class="" style="">(Ross 1998: 90)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span class="" style="">(1)<i class="">
</i><i class="" style="">te<span class="" style=""> </span>uee<span class="" style="">
</span>ae<span class="" style=""> </span>e<span class="" style=""> </span>
tikiraoi</i><span class="" style=""> </span>(relative clause)</span><span class="" style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span class="" style="font-variant:small-caps"><span class="" style="">
</span>art<span class="" style=""> </span></span><span class="" style="">flower
<span class="" style="font-variant:small-caps">rel </span>3<span class="" style="font-variant:small-caps">sg.s
<span class="" style=""></span></span>be.pretty<span class="" style=""> </span>
</span><span class="" style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span class="" style=""><span class="" style="">
</span>‘a pretty flower’ (lit. ‘a flower that pretties’)<span class="" style="">
</span></span></p>
<div class="" style=""><span class="" style=""> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><u class=""><span class="" style="">Makwe</span></u><span class="" style=""> (Devos 2008: 136)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="" style="">(2)<span class="" style=""></span><i class="" style=""> muú-nu<span class="" style="">
</span>w-á=ki-búúli</i><span class="" style=""> </span>(genitive)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="" style=""><span class="" style="">
</span><span class="" style="font-variant:small-caps">nc1</span>-person <span class="" style="font-variant:small-caps">
pp1-gen=nc7</span>-silence</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="" style=""> ‘a silent person’ (lit. ‘person of silence’)</span></p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="">Relative Clause and Genitive are, however, also semantic categories in their own right in word order studies by Dryer and Hawkins.</p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="">When these authors subsequently formulate rules and principles on the basis of the data they collected, the semantic category labels (Adjective, Genitive, Relative Clause, but also e.g. Demonstrative and Numeral) appear to stand
for <u class="">formal</u> categories, i.e. categories whose members are defined on the basis of structural or morphosyntactic criteria. This apparent change of category is not explained, but can be seen in the case of the ‘Heaviness Serialization Principle’
(Hawkins 1983: 90-91) and the ‘Branching Direction Theory’ (Dryer 1992).</p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:13.75pt; text-autospace:none">Hawkins defined ‘heaviness’ in terms of such non-semantic criteria as (a) length and quantity of morphemes, (b) quantity of words, (c) syntactic depth of branching nodes, and (d) inclusion
of dominated constituents. </p>
<div class="" style="margin-right:13.75pt"> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; page-break-after:avoid; text-autospace:none">
<span lang="EN-GB" class="" style="">(3)<span class="" style=""><i class=""> </i>
</span><i class="" style="">Heaviness Serialization Principle</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="" style=""><span class="" style="">:
</span>Rel<span class="" style=""> </span>≥<sub class="">R</sub><span class="" style="">
</span>Gen<span class="" style=""> </span>≥<sub class="">R</sub><span class="" style="">
</span>A<span class="" style=""> </span>≥<sub class="">R </sub><span class="" style=""> </span>Dem/Num</span>
</p>
<div class="" style="margin-right:13.75pt"> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:13.75pt; text-autospace:none">Thus a member of the (semantic? formal?) category Relative Clause is ‘heavier’ than a member of the (semantic? formal?) category Adjective. But Hawkins’s semantic category Adjective must
also have included members of the ‘heavy’ formal categories Genitive and Relative Clause (see (1) and (2) above). It is not clear whether the original members of the single semantic category Adjective were later ‘re-categorized’ and distributed over the formal
categories Adjective, Genitive and Relative Clause in the <i class="" style=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="" style="">Heaviness Serialization Principle</span></i>.</p>
<div class="" style="margin-right:13.75pt"> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="">Dryer’s ‘Branching Direction Theory’ refers to a structural feature of the internal syntactic organization of a constituent. According to the ‘Branching Direction Theory’, relative clauses and genitives are phrases, i.e. members
of a branching category, whose position relative to the noun correlates with the relative order of Verb and Object, whereas adjectives are non-branching elements, whose position relative to the noun does not correlate with OV or VO order (Dryer 1992: 107-8,
110-1). In this case, too, one may assume that the semantic category Adjective also included members of the formal categories Genitive and Relative Clause (see examples above). Again we do not know what happened to the branching/phrasal members of the erstwhile(?)
semantic category Adjective (relative clauses, genitives) when this category was turned into the formal (non-branching) category Adjective that is part of the ‘Branching Direction Theory’.</p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="">So as to avoid categorial confusion in cross-linguistic research (and so as to make it possible to produce more reliable results), it is necessary to keep formal and semantic categories apart, as members of these two categories
have their own ordering rules or preferences. I also think it is an illusion to think we can give a satisfactory account of the grammatical behaviour of linguistic units -including word order- without taking into consideration functional (interpersonal) categories
or ‘discourse units’ (Rijkhoff 2009b, 2015). </p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="">* Greenberg (1963: 88) made it clear that he sometimes used formal criteria to remove certain members of a semantic category before he formulated a universal, as in the case of his Universal 22.</p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><font size="2" class=""><b class="" style="">References</b></font></p>
<font size="2" class=""></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><font size="2" class="">Devos, M. 2008. <i class="" style="">
A Grammar of Makwe</i>. München: Lincom Europa.</font></p>
<font size="2" class=""></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><font size="2" class="">Dryer, M. S., 1992. The Greenbergian word order correlations.
<i class="" style="">Language</i> 68-1, 81-138.</font></p>
<font size="2" class=""></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt; text-indent:-14.2pt"><font size="2" class="">Greenberg, J. H. 1963. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In J. H. Greenberg (ed.),
<i class="" style="">Universals of Language</i>, 73-113. Cambridge MA: MIT.</font></p>
<font size="2" class=""></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt; text-indent:-14.2pt"><font size="2" class="">Hawkins, J. A., 1983.
<i class="" style="">Word Order Universals: Quantitative analyses of linguistic structure</i>. New York: Academic Press.</font></p>
<font size="2" class=""></font>
<p class="" style="margin-left:14.2pt; text-indent:-14.2pt"><font size="2" class=""><span class="" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">Rijkhoff, J. 2009a.
</span><span class="" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">On the (un)suitability of semantic categories.
<i class="" style="">Linguistic Typology</i> 13-1, 95‑104.</span></font></p>
<font size="2" class=""></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt; text-indent:-14.2pt; text-autospace:none">
<font size="2" class=""><span class="" style="">Rijkhoff, Jan. 2009b. </span>On the co-variation between form and function of adnominal possessive modifiers in Dutch and English.
<span class="" style="">In William B. McGregor (ed.), <i class="" style="">The Expression of Possession</i> (</span>The Expression of Cognitive Categories [ECC] 2),<span class="" style=""> 51‑106. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</span></font></p>
<font size="2" class=""></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt; text-indent:-14.2pt; text-autospace:none">
<font size="2" class=""><span class="" style="">Rijkhoff, J. 2015. Word order. In James D. Wright (editor-in-chief),
<i class="" style="">International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)</i>, Vol. 25, 644–656. Oxford: Elsevier.</span><span class="" style=""></span></font></p>
<font size="2" class=""></font>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt; text-indent:-14.2pt"><font size="2" class="">Ross, M. 1998. Proto-Oceanic adjectival categories and their morphosyntax.
<i class="" style="">Oceanic Linguistics</i> 37-1, 85-119.</font></p>
<div class="" style="margin-left:14.2pt; text-indent:-14.2pt"><span class="p-match"> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt; text-indent:-14.2pt"><span class="p-match">Jan Rijkhoff</span></p>
<div class="" style=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">
<div class="" style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">
<div class="" style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:16px">
<hr tabindex="-1" class="">
<div id="divRpF867311" class="" style="direction:ltr"><font face="Tahoma" size="2" class=""><b class="">From:</b> Lingtyp [<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>] on behalf of Alan Rumsey
[<a href="mailto:Alan.Rumsey@anu.edu.au" class="">Alan.Rumsey@anu.edu.au</a>]<br class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b> Monday, January 18, 2016 12:23 PM<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Structural congruence as a dimension of language complexity/simplicity<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""></div>
<div class=""><span id="OLK_SRC_BODY_SECTION" class="" style="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">Many thanks to all of you who responded to my posting on this topic, both online and off. All the readings you have pointed me to have indeed been highly relevant and very useful, including an excellent recent publication by
Jennifer Culbertson that she pointed me to in her offline response, at <a href="" target="_blank" class="">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01964/abstract</a></div>
</span>
<div class="" style=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="" style="">Thanks especially to Matthew Dryer for pointing out that the Greenbergian ‘universal’ I had used as an example – the putative association between VSO and noun-adjective order — had been falsified by his much more thorough 1992 study <span class="" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">“The
Greenbergian Word Order Correlations”. My reading of that article and further correspondence with him has confirmed that, by contrast, Greenberg’s universals no 3 and 4 were solidly confirmed by his study, namely that SOV </span>languages are far more likely
to have postpositions than prepositions and that the reverse is true for VSO languages. </div>
<div class="" style=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Drawing on all your suggestions, Francesca and I have now finished a draft of the paper referred to in my posting, called '<span class="" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" class="">Structural Congruence as a Dimension of Language Complexity: </span></span><span lang="EN-US" class="">An
Example from Ku Waru Child Language’.<b class=""> </b></span>If any of you would like to read it please let me know and I’ll send it to you.</div>
<style class="">
<!--
@font-face
{font-family:Times}
@font-face
{font-family:"?? ??"}
@font-face
{font-family:"?? ??"}
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"}
@page WordSection1
{margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt}
-->
</style><style class="">
<!--
@font-face
{font-family:Arial}
@font-face
{font-family:Arial}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri}
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"}
.MsoChpDefault
{font-family:Cambria}
@page WordSection1
{margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt}
body
{direction:ltr;
font-family:Arial;
color:#000000;
font-size:10pt}
p
{margin-top:0;
margin-bottom:0}
body
{scrollbar-base-color:undefined;
scrollbar-highlight-color:undefined;
scrollbar-darkshadow-color:undefined;
scrollbar-arrow-color:undefined}
-->
</style>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Alan</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class="">
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br class="">
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<font face="Arial" color="Gray" size="2">CONFIDENTIALITY: This email is intended solely for the person(s) named and may be confidential and/or privileged. If you are not the intended recipient, please delete it, notify us and do not copy, use, or disclose its
contents.<br>
Towards a sustainable earth: Print only when necessary. Thank you.</font>
</body>
</html>