<html><head></head><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:Courier New, courier, monaco, monospace, sans-serif;font-size:16px"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40195"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41482">May I remind the following common property that fits all languages.</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41453" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41455" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US">As Pesetsky (1995:185)points out,in all languages, a verb can have four arguments at most. Here are some examples where the verbs each have four arguments, including the subject. </span><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41457" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN"></span><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41459" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41461" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41463" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US">(10)<span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41465" style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Sue bet [John] [$500] [that the world would end on Tuesday].</span></div>
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Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
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</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41738" class="" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.3pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:16.0pt"><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41740" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体" lang="EN-US">Pesetsky,
David M. (1995)<span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41742" style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41744" style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Zero Syntax: Experiencers and Cascades</i>, Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41747" class="" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.3pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:16.0pt"><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41740" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体" lang="EN-US"><br></span></div><div dir="ltr">
</div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41647" dir="ltr" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41473" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US">And I would like to raise another quantitative universal:</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41644" dir="ltr" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41473" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US">In all languages, in a clause, a verb cannot carry more than</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41650" dir="ltr" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41473" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US">about seven (7<u>+</u>2)dependents (arguments and adjuncts).</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41670" dir="ltr" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"><br><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41473" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US"></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41710" dir="ltr" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41473" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US">I would like to hear counter-examples if the above two universals not correct.<br></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41653" dir="ltr" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"> <br><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41473" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US"></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41655" dir="ltr" class="" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;word-break:break-all"><span class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_41473" style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-US"><br></span></div><div>
</div><div dir="ltr"> </div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40196" class="qtdSeparateBR"><br><br></div><div style="display: block;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40203" class="yahoo_quoted"> <blockquote id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40202" style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(16, 16, 255); margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-left: 5px;"> <div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40201" style="font-family: Courier New, courier, monaco, monospace, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> <div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40200" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> <div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40199" dir="ltr"> <font id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40198" size="2" face="Arial"> <hr id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40197" size="1"> <b><span style="font-weight:bold;">From:</span></b> Matthew Dryer <dryer@buffalo.edu><br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b> Peter Arkadiev <peterarkadiev@yandex.ru>; "lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org> <br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Thursday, January 21, 2016 9:41 AM<br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Lingtyp] Structural congruence as a dimension of language complexity/simplicity<br> </font> </div> <div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40279" class="y_msg_container"><br><div id="yiv2651284578"><div>
<div class="yiv2651284578moz-cite-prefix">
</div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40278"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40283" class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal">Peter,</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40277" class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal"> </div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40281" class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal">I don’t know whether my last email answered
any of your
questions, but let me simply respond with a set of assertations.
Basically,
every opinion you express in your email, I agree with:</div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal">1. <span style=""> </span>Yes,
<span style="font-family:Times;">word order correlations are reflected in grammars</span></div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal">2.<span style=""> </span>Yes,
<span style="font-family:Times;">usage and grammar correspond to each other in
principled and non-arbitrary
ways</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40287" class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40286" style="font-family:Times;">3.<span style="">
</span>I suspect
that Hawkins would agree with me that the notion of OV
language includes, not
only languages where there is a grammatical rule specifying
that the language
is OV but also languages where OV is simply more frequent in
usage.</span></div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Times;">4.<span style="">
</span>I too am
interested in what grammars of different languages have in
common and how they
differ, much less, I must confess, in the differences or
similarities in usage</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40291" class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453335723164_40290" style="font-family:Times;">5.<span style="">
</span>I’m not
sure what you might mean by “grammars are inaccessible to
typology (and vice versa)”,
but I can’t imagine an interpretation that I would agree with,
so we must agree
on that one too.</span></div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Times;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal">The fact that the word order correlations are
reflected in
grammars doesn’t mean that word order correlations are only
reflected in
grammars. Consider a language which lacks a rule saying the
language is OV but
where the actual factors conditioning word order result in a
higher frequency
of OV. Such languages usually have postpositions rather than
prepositions. But
since the grammar doesn’t say the language is OV (it’s only OV
at the level of
usage), the correlation between OV and postpositions is not
reflected in the
grammar. The only reason I’m interested in usage in this domain
is that any
account of the word order correlations that attempts to
characterize it as a
generalization over grammars necessarily fails since the
correlations go beyond
grammar.</div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal">There is a difference between being
interested in what
different languages have in common and how they differ and being
interested in
what <i style="">grammars of</i>
different languages
have in common and how they differ. One cannot understand the
word correlations
if one is only interested in what grammars have in common and
how they differ.</div>
<div class="yiv2651284578MsoNormal"> </div>
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;">Matthew</span>
<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
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</style><div class="yiv2651284578yqt4752782418" id="yiv2651284578yqt03993"><div>On 1/20/16 5:54 PM,
Peter Arkadiev wrote:<br clear="none">
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>Matthew,</div>
<div> </div>
<div>I must confess that I failed to understand what you mean,
especially by "usage". I have always believed, evidently
erroneously, that word order correlations are somehow reflected
in grammars, and I have always understood Hawkins claims (as
reflected in his 2004 and 2014 books) as saying that usage and
grammar correspond to each other in principled and non-arbitrary
ways. When Hawkins writes, e.g. about the differences between OV
and VO languages in chapter 7 of his 2014 book, it is much more
abour grammar than about usage - or I must admit that I have
grossly misunderstood him.</div>
<div>But anyway, I am interested in what grammars of different
languages have in common and how they differ, much less, I must
confess, in the differences or similarities in usage. From what
you say it appears to me that grammars are inaccessible to
typology (and vice versa) - a conclusion I will never accept.</div>
<div>But again, perhaps I simply don't understand...</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Peter</div>
<div> </div>
<div>-- <br clear="none">
Peter Arkadiev, PhD<br clear="none">
Institute of Slavic Studies<br clear="none">
Russian Academy of Sciences <br clear="none">
Leninsky prospekt 32-A 119991 Moscow<br clear="none">
<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv2651284578moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:peterarkadiev@yandex.ru" target="_blank" href="mailto:peterarkadiev@yandex.ru">peterarkadiev@yandex.ru</a><br clear="none">
<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="http://www.inslav.ru/ob-institute/sotrudniki/279-peter-arkadiev">http://www.inslav.ru/ob-institute/sotrudniki/279-peter-arkadiev</a></div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div>20.01.2016, 22:32, "Matthew Dryer" <a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv2651284578moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" ymailto="mailto:dryer@buffalo.edu" target="_blank" href="mailto:dryer@buffalo.edu"><dryer@buffalo.edu></a>:</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>
<div>
<div>Peter,</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The point of classifying the language as SVO is that it
behaves like an SVO language as far as word order
correlations are concerned. Not classifying it as SVO
means that one would fail to explain the correlations.
Hawkins’ theory predicts that such a language counts as
SVO. The class of languages I treat as SVO is defined
roughly as those languages where the statistically
dominant order in usage is AVP. There is nothing that the
grammars of this set of languages share: these languages
resemble each other only at the level of usage, not at the
level of grammar. Hawkins’ theory predicts that the set of
languages that I classify as SVO should tend to have
prepositions. His theory predicts that the set of
languages that have prepositions need not have anything in
common in their grammars, only at the level of usage.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Matthew</div>
<br clear="none">
On 1/19/16 2:58 PM, Peter Arkadiev wrote:</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<pre>Then I can't help asking a very naive question, appearing as though I haven't read the relevant literature (I have): if, as Matthew says, "classifying a language as SVO makes no claim about the categories in the language, nor that these categories determine word order even if the language has such categories", what's the point of classifying the given language as SVO in the first place? If the categories of a particular language can be totally at variance with those notions which typologists employ for comparative purposes, then the fact that a given language happens to be classified as SVO appears to be completely arbitrary and non-informative. Even worse, given this stance regarding the correspondence between comparative concepts and language-particular categories, word order correlations just can't follow, let alone be explained. Correlations between, say, OV and NPost in a given language are and have to be stated in terms of the categories relevant for
this lan
g
uage, aren't they? And if such language-particular correlations can be mapped on robustly observed cross-linguistic patterns subject to well-articulated processing explanations such as those advanced by Hawkins, then, by necessity, this mapping cannot be just arbitrary, and vice versa.
Again, I admit that I don't understand something.
Best,
Peter
</pre>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br clear="none">
</div></div></div><br><div class="yqt4752782418" id="yqt41371">_______________________________________________<br clear="none">Lingtyp mailing list<br clear="none"><a shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br clear="none"><a shape="rect" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br clear="none"></div><br><br></div> </div> </div> </blockquote> </div></div></body></html>