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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">I want to return to
near the
beginning of the recent discussion, when both Jan Rijkhoff and
Randy LaPolla
raised issues in response to my drawing attention to the fact that
Greenberg’s
claim that verb-initial languages tend to place the adjective
after the noun is
misleading (since they do so to the same extent as verb-final
languages).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">There are two
assumptions that
Jan and Randy seemed to make that I think are at the heart of the
discussion.
The first assumption may not in fact be one that either Jan or
Randy made,
though it would not be an unreasonable assumption to make, given
my published
work.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">The first apparent
assumption is
that in collecting data on the order of adjective and noun, what I
did was to
collect this data without paying attention to the grammatical
properties of
these “adjectives” (what I prefer to call semantic adjectives,
though the label
is not ideal), particularly the extent to which they behave like
verbs and the
extent to which they behave like nouns. The second assumption is
that the word
order behaviour of semantic adjectives varies considerably
depending on these
other properties. Both of these assumptions are false.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">With respect to the
first
assumption, I have spent considerably more time over the years
examining the
grammatical properties of semantic adjectives than I have
examining the order
of adjective and noun, primarily the extent to which they behave
like verbs or
nouns.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I have definitely
not ignored
these differences. My reason for spending so much time on this is
precisely
because I was curious whether there were differences in word order
patterns
varying with the extent to which semantic adjectives exhibit
verbal or nominal
properties. The overall conclusion from this is: very little.<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The word order patterns of
semantic
adjectives are very similar, regardless of whether they are
verbal, nominal, or
neither. Let me discuss briefly two examples of contrary claims in
the
literature.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none">In the paper of his that Randy provided a
link to, he
cites Van Valin (1986) and Lehmann (1986) as providing evidence
that ‘<span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family:Times;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">adjectives
which are highly nominal in nature
precede the noun they modify in OV languages, while those which
are highly
verbal in nature follow the noun they modify’. However, on the
basis of a
sample of approximately 300 languages in which the semantic
adjectives exhibit
nominal features, it turns out that this is not true. In my
data, adjectives
which are nominal in nature more often follow the noun, like
adjectives which
are verbal in nature. There is one area of the world where we do
find a lot of
OV languages that are AdjN and in which the adjectives are often
nominal, and
that is Eurasia excluding Sino-Tibetan and other families of
southeast Asia. I
suspect that Van Valin’s and Lehmann’s conclusions were
influenced by this
pattern, which I suspect is simply a reflection of two
accidentally coinciding common
traits throughout this area of Eurasia, namely OV&AdjN order
and a tendency
for semantic adjectives to be nominal in nature. It is true that
the preference
for NAdj order is higher in my data among languages in which the
semantic
adjectives are verbal, though the difference falls short of
statistical
significance. It is possible that this difference is real and if
so has a ready
explanation: relative clauses show a strong tendency to follow
nouns among all
languages and getting a higher proportion of NAdj order among
languages in
which semantic adjectives are verbal is hardly surprising. But
the difference
is much less than the quote from LaPolla would suggest.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Times;
mso-bidi-font-family:Times;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family:Times;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The second case involves the
position of semantic
adjectives relative to the numeral and noun when both occur on
the same side of
the noun. The usual pattern is for the adjective to occur
between the numeral
and the noun, in either Num-Adj-Noun or Noun-Adj-Num order.
Rijkhoff (2008:
804) claims that exceptions to this, namely Adj-Num-Noun or
Noun-Num-Adj, must
involve distinct syntactic constructions, such as ones where the
adjective is
verbal and a type of relative clause. However, in an
almost-completed paper of
mine reporting the order of demonstrative, numeral, adjective
and noun in a
sample of over 500 languages, I find little evidence to support
this claim of
Rijkhoff’s. There are a very small number of cases where his
line of
explanation is plausible but they are clearly the exceptions.
Let me present
two kinds of evidence from my paper bearing on this. The data in
the following
table distinguishes semantic adjectives with verbal properties
from semantic
adjectives lacking verbal properties, restricting attention to
languages where
the adjective and numeral occur on the same side of the noun.
The numbers are
numbers of genera rather than numbers of languages:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family:Times;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div align="center">
<table class="MsoNormalTable"
style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm
5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes">
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">Adj closer to
noun<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">than Num<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">Num closer to
noun<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">than Adj<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">Percent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">closer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1">
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="color:black">Adj is verb<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">30<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">.88<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes">
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="color:black">Adj is not verb <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">106<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;page-break-after: avoid"
align="center"><span style="color:black">.90<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family:Times;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">As the table shows,
semantic
adjectives which are verbs show the same strong tendency to occur
closer to the
noun than the numeral that we find with semantic adjectives which
are not
verbal. And the majority of cases where the adjective is further
from the noun
are ones where the adjective is nonverbal. In other words, the
verbal nature of
some semantic adjectives has little effect on their position
relative to the
numeral and noun.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">Let me share one
example from my
paper that illustrates that it is only semantics which is
relevant, not the
particular morphosyntactic properties of semantic adjectives.<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The following examples come
from Nias (Lea
Brown, p.c.). Semantic adjectives in Nias are verbal and when used
attributively occur in relative clauses. Adnominal numerals also
occur in
relative clauses. What the data in (1) shows is that the relative
clause
containing the semantic adjective must occur closer to the noun
than the
relative clause containing the numeral. The opposite order, shown
in (1b), is
judged ungrammatical.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable"
style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:160;mso-padding-alt:0cm
5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">1.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="19">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">a.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">u-bunu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">n-asu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:66.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="67">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">s=afusi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">si=dua<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">rozi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="19">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">past<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">1sg</span><span
style="font-family:Times">-kill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">abs</span><span
style="font-family:Times">-dog<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:66.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="67">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">rel</span><span
style="font-family:Times">=white<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">rel</span><span
style="font-family:Times">=two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">clsfr</span><span
style="font-family:Times"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="19"><a name="OLE_LINK8"></a><a
name="OLE_LINK9"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></a>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>N<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:66.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="67">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Adj<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Num<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span></span>
<span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK8"></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK9"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span
style="font-family:Times"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>‘I killed the two white dogs.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable"
style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:160;mso-padding-alt:0cm
5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="20">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">b.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">*No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">u-bunu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">n-asu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">si=dua<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">rozi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:66.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="67">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">s=afusi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="20">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>past</span><span
style="font-family:Times"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">1sg</span><span
style="font-family:Times">-kill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">abs</span><span
style="font-family:Times">-dog<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">rel</span><span
style="font-family:Times">=two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">clsfr
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:66.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="67">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">rel</span><span
style="font-family:Times">=white<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="20">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>N<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Num<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:66.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="67">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span
style="font-family:Times"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>‘I killed the two white dogs.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">However if we
examine the
position of relative clauses involving a verb that is not a
semantic adjective,
we find the opposite pattern. In (2), the relative clause
involving the verb
for ‘sleep’ must occur outside the relative clause containing the
numeral. The
opposite order, in (2b), is judged ungrammatical.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable"
style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:160;mso-padding-alt:0cm
5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="19">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">a.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">u-bunu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">n-asu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">si=dua<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">rozi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:67.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="68">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">si=mörö.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="19">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">past</span><span
style="font-family:Times"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">1sg</span><span
style="font-family:Times">-kill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">abs</span><span
style="font-family:Times">-dog<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">rel</span><span
style="font-family:Times">=two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">clsfr<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:67.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="68">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">rel</span><span
style="font-family:Times">=sleep.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="19">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>N<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Num <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:67.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="68">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Rel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span
style="font-family:Times"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>‘I killed the two dogs that
were sleeping.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable"
style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:160;mso-padding-alt:0cm
5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="20">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">b.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">*No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">u-bunu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">n-asu <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:64.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">si=mörö<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">si=dua<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times">rozi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="20">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>past</span><span
style="font-family:Times"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">1sg</span><span
style="font-family:Times">-kill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">abs</span><span
style="font-family:Times">-dog <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:64.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">rel</span><span
style="font-family:Times">=sleep<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">rel</span><span
style="font-family:Times">=two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times;font-variant:small-caps">clsfr<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes">
<td style="width:36.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:19.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="20">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:40.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="40">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:52.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>N<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:64.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Rel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="58">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Num<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
valign="top" width="48">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span
style="font-family: Times"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span
style="font-family:Times"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>‘I killed the two dogs that
were sleeping.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">In other words,
despite the fact
that all these modifiers involve relative clauses, the one
involving a semantic
adjective must occur closer to the noun. Even though these
semantic adjectives
are verbs, they occur closer to the noun, unlike relative clauses
involving
other verbs. My paper presents data from a number of other
languages exhibiting
a similar pattern.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">In a way this
should not be
surprising. A common hypothesis is that modifiers representing
more inherent
properties are more likely to occur closer to the noun. Since
‘white’ is more
inherent than ‘sleeping’, it is not surprising that it occurs
closer to the
noun. In other words, it is the semantics that is relevant, not
the particular
construction.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">In short, it is not
the case
that I ignored the finer properties of semantic adjectives.
Rather, I have
collected a large amount of data that shows that these finer
properties have
little affect on their word order position, contrary to the claims
of of
LaPolla and Rijkhoff.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none">Matthew<o:p></o:p></p>
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