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<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the message that prompted the current discussion, I wrote that we must keep semantic and formal categories apart in morphosyntactic typology, because members of these categories have their own ‘mini-grammars’. Now Bill suggests that
‘comparative concepts’ (a term that I do not use, but which seems more or less synonymous with Greenberg’s semantic categories - cf. Haspelmath 2007: 126) “<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">are either functional ("purely semantic") concepts,
or hybrid.” </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:-15.3pt"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">It will not come as a surprise that I believe it is essential we should also distinguish between functional and semantic categories, as in (a better version
of this table can be found in e.g. Rijkhoff 2015a: 649):</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:-15.3pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"> </b></p>
<div align="center">
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:14.25pt">
<td colspan="3" style="width:455.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.25pt" valign="top" width="456">
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page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" align="center">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";color:blue">Functional Category</span></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:
"ＭＳ 明朝";color:blue">:
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Qualifying Modifier</span> (in the noun phrase)</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:
"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal;color:blue;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;height:31.15pt">
<td style="width:110.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝"">Semantic
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝"">Categories</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝""></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="width:344.6pt;border-top:none;
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝"">Formal Categories</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";font-variant:small-caps">Adjective<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Prep. Phrase<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Relative Clause</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝""></span></p>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;height:14.25pt">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right" align="right"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";font-variant:small-caps">Size</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:85.4pt;border:none;mso-border-top-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:14.25pt" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" align="right">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝"">a big N</span></i><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:
NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal"></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:259.2pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.25pt" valign="top" width="259">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a N of enormous size<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>a N that is rather big</span></i><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal"></span></i></p>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;height:4.65pt">
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page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" align="right">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";font-variant:small-caps">Value / Quality</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:
NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal;font-variant:small-caps;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:85.4pt;border:none;mso-border-left-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:4.65pt" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" align="right">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝"">an expensive N</span></i><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";
mso-bidi-font-family:NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal"></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:259.2pt;border:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:4.65pt" valign="top" width="259">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a N of great value<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>a N that is pretty cheap</span></i><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal"></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;height:15.15pt">
<td style="width:110.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" align="right">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";font-variant:small-caps">Age</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal;
font-variant:small-caps;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:85.4pt;border:none;mso-border-left-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.15pt" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" align="right">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝"">a young N</span></i><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:
NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal"></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:259.2pt;border:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:15.15pt" valign="top" width="259">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a N under age 16<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a N that is much too young</span></i><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal"></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:18.7pt">
<td style="width:110.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:18.7pt" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" align="right">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";font-variant:small-caps">Color</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:85.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:18.7pt" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" align="right">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝"">a black N</span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:259.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:18.7pt" valign="top" width="259">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a N of blackness<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>a N that is pitch black</span></i><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-bidi-font-family:NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal"></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:-15.3pt;text-align:center;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after:avoid" align="center">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The same function (<span style="font-variant:
small-caps;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">qualifying modifier</span>) expressed by members of
</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:-15.3pt;text-align:center;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after:avoid" align="center">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">different formal (Adjective, Prep Phrase, Rel Clause) and semantic categories (Size, Age, etc.)</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><style>
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BODY {scrollbar-base-color:undefined;scrollbar-highlight-color:undefined;scrollbar-darkshadow-color:undefined;scrollbar-track-color:undefined;scrollbar-arrow-color:undefined}BODY {scrollbar-base-color:undefined;scrollbar-highlight-color:undefined;scrollbar-darkshadow-color:undefined;scrollbar-track-color:undefined;scrollbar-arrow-color:undefined}</style><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Other
functional modifier categories are <span style="font-variant:small-caps">classifying modifier</span> (‘kind’ distinctions, as in '<i>evolutionary</i> biology')<span style="font-variant:
small-caps">, quantifying modifier (e.g.
</span>numerals, number marking<span style="font-variant:small-caps">), localizing/anchoring modifier</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
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(e.g. demonstrative, tense marking; adverb(ial)s of time and space), </span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">discourse-referential
modifiers</span> <span style="mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">(for definitions, examples etc., see Rijkhoff 2008a-b, 2009, 2010, 2014). These functional modifier categories include both grammatical and lexical expressions (e.g. both past tense
affix and 'yesterday'), have different scopal properties (as can be seen in a ‘layered’ representation), and can be used to analyze both clauses and noun phrases. A strongly simplified model of the layered organization of functional modifiers categories in
the clause and the NP can be seen in e.g. Rijkhoff (2014: 132)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""> Notice also that languages need not employ the complete set of these functional modifier categories and that Freek Van de Velde (2007, 2009, 2012) suggested two additional modifier
categories, also taking into account diachronic aspects of the ‘layered’ model of functional modifier categories.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">I agree with Bill when he seems to suggest that functional (interpersonal / communicative / discourse) categories should be the starting point for a cross-linguistic morphosyntactic
investigation. I have proposed a more or less comprehensive list of functional categories at the SLE conference in Leiden last year (Rijkhoff 2015b),
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">where I defined members of functional categories as the
<u>products of an interpersonal act</u></b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">I distinguish between four main types of
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">interpersonal acts </span>(and consequently between four main types of
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">functional categories</span>): <span style="font-variant:small-caps">
illocutionary or discourse acts</span>, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">thetical acts</span>,
<span style="font-variant:
small-caps">propositional acts</span> (which include Acts of Modification; cf. Croft 1990, Rijkhoff 2014), and
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pragmatic acts</span>. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>I am currently working on an article based on the talk I gave at the SLE 2015 in Leiden, which contains a more detailed presentation of interpersonal acts and functional categories.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As to Matthew’s previous message. He wrote <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;background:white">When you
</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white">(=JR)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal"> say “As far as I can remember, these factors
</i>(i.e. strategies which effectively helped to eliminate data that obstructed cross-linguistic comparability - JR<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">) do not a major play a role in Matthew’s word order studies”, this is accurate in terms of what I have
published but inaccurate in terms of what I have done.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> It is unfortunate that Matthew did not specify what he did in terms of data management to improve cross-linguistic comparability for his word order studies. This would have been very useful to know, if only for methodological reasons.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Jan Rijkhoff</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>References</b><br>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:14.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-14.2pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:
none">
<span style="mso-bidi-language:EN-US">Croft, William. 1990. A conceptual framework for grammatical categories (or: a taxonomy of Propositional Acts).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Journal of Semantics </i>7-3, 245-279.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;mso-pagination:
none;tab-stops:65.2pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
Rijkhoff, Jan. 2008a. Synchronic and diachronic evidence for parallels between noun phrases and sentences.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt">In Folke </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvP497E2;mso-bidi-language:
EN-US">Josephson and Ingmar Söhrman (eds.),
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Interdependence of Diachronic and Synchronic Analyses</i>, 13-42. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;mso-pagination:
none;tab-stops:65.2pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
Rijkhoff, Jan. 2008b. Layers, levels and contexts in Functional Discourse Grammar. In Daniel García Velasco and Jan Rijkhoff (eds.),
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">The Noun Phrase in Functional Discourse Grammar</i>, 63-115. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;mso-pagination:
none;tab-stops:65.2pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvP497E2;mso-bidi-language:
EN-US">Rijkhoff, Jan. 2009.
</span>On the co-variation between form and function of adnominal possessive modifiers in Dutch and English.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt">In William B. McGregor (ed.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
The Expression of Possession</i></span>,<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt"> 51‑106. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt">Rijkhoff, Jan. 2010.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US">
Functional categories in the noun phrase: on jacks-of-all-trades and one-trick-ponies in Danish, Dutch and German.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Deutsche Sprache</i> 38 (Heft 2/10), 97‑123.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;tab-stops:
65.2pt">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-language:EN-US">Rijkhoff, Jan. 2014.
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Palatino;mso-bidi-language:
EN-US">Modification as a propositional act</span>. In
<span style="color:black;background:white;mso-ansi-language:DA;mso-fareast-language:
DA;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="DA">
María de los Ángeles Gómez González et al.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:DA;mso-fareast-language:DA" lang="DA">
</span>(eds.),<span style="mso-fareast-language:DA"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
Theory and Practice in Functional-Cognitive Space</i>, 129-150</span>. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</p>
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65.2pt">
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BODY {scrollbar-base-color:undefined;scrollbar-highlight-color:undefined;scrollbar-darkshadow-color:undefined;scrollbar-track-color:undefined;scrollbar-arrow-color:undefined}</style><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";
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mso-bidi-font-family:⁄ê∏Ôˇølæ—;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Rijkhoff,
Jan. 2015a. Word Order. In James D. Wright (editor-in-chief), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)</i>, Vol. 25, 644–656. Oxford: Elsevier</span>
</p>
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65.2pt">
Rijkhoff, Jan. 2015b.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> Functional_Category<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Shift, with particular attention to <span style="font-variant:small-caps">
Classifying, Qualifying and Localizing Modifiers</span> in the NP</b>. Talk given at
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">48<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Societas Linguistica Europaea</i></span> (SLE 2015) in Leiden, 2 September 2015.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;tab-stops:
65.2pt">
Van de Velde, Freek. 2007. Interpersonal modification in the English noun phrase.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Functions of Language</i> 14, 203–230.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt">Van de Velde, Freek. 2009. The emergence of modification patterns in the Dutch noun phrase.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Linguistics</i> 47-4, 1021-1049.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt">Van de Velde, Freek. 2012. A structural-functional account of NP-internal mood.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lingua</i> 122, 1‑23.</p>
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