<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">*** apologies for cross-posting***<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Dear all<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I am currently working on a spatial Frames of Reference paper on Australian languages and was wondering if some of you might be able to help me with a few questions about the use of compass- and/or landmark-based directionals in Australian languages. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">This is the (very general) information I have:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The majority of Australian languages seem to have a <b class="">compass-based system</b> (usually a 2 or 4-way grid (of east-west-north-south)):</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">Guugu Yimithirr (Havilland 1993, Levinson 2003)</li><li class="">Warlpiri (Laughren 1978)</li><li class="">Kayardild (Evans 1995)</li><li class="">Bardi (Bowern 2012)</li><li class="">Arrerrnte (Wilkins, 2006)</li><li class="">Garrwa (Mushin 2013)</li><li class="">Warrwa (McGregor 2006) </li><li class="">Djarru/Jaru (Tsunoda 1995)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Only a few seem to solely rely on a r<b class="">iver-based (drainage) system</b> (upstream/upriver/downstream/downriver):</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">Jaminjung/Ngaliwurru (Schultze-Berndt 2006)</li><li class="">Ngan’gityemerri (Reid 2011)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Again, quite a number of languages employ a <b class="">combination of a compass- and river-based system</b>:</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">Gooniyandi (McGregor 1990)</li><li class="">Bunuba (Ramsey 2000)</li><li class="">Ngandi (Heath 1978)</li><li class="">Pilbara languages (including Martuthunira, Panyjima, Yindjibarndi) (Densch 1995)</li><li class="">Yir Yoront (Alpher 1991)</li><li class="">Ngarinyman(Jones 1994)</li><li class="">Gurindji (Meakins 2011)</li><li class="">Bilinarra (Meakins and Nordlinger 2014)</li><li class="">Wardaman (Merlan 1994)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Only few have a <b class="">wind-based system</b>:</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">MalakMalak (Hoffmann)</li><li class="">Matngele? (Hoffmann)</li><li class="">Kala Lagaw Ya (Stirling 2011)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">And some do <b class="">not</b> employ any absolute terms:</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">Murrinh-Paths (Gaby and Singer 2014)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Do you know what systems other Australian languages are employ and do you have any references for those? Do you know of any cross-linguistics (including a world-wide sample of languages) overviews of absolute systems across languages? I have only been able to find Brown, Cecil (1983) “Where do Cardinal Direction Terms come from?” <i class="">Anthropological Linguistics</i>, 25(2), 121-161</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div>Thank you so much in advance for your help!<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best regards, </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Dorothea<br class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><br class=""><br class=""><div class="">
<div class="">Dorothea Hoffmann</div><div class=""><a href="mailto:hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com" class="">hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com</a></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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