<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear all, <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I’ve had great responses from many of you regarding my inquiry about directional systems in Australian languages and was able to considerably expand my list of languages and references. Thank you very much everyone who got in touch with me!</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I attach a summary of the current state of the research with tables indicating what absolute frames languages employ and a detailed list of references. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Here is a short summary: </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">the list includes a total of 48 languages: 27 Pama-Nyungan and 21 non-Pama-Nyungan</li><li class="">21 languages have a <b class=""><i class="">sun/compass-based system</i></b>: 16 are Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Kayardild and Wik Mugkan) and 5 are non-Pama-Nyungan, e.g. Warrwa and Iwaidja</li><li class="">5 have a <i class=""><b class="">r</b></i><b class=""><i class="">iver-drainage-based system</i></b>: all of these are non-Pama-Nyungan and include, e.g. Jaminjung and Wagiman</li><li class="">12 have a <b class=""><i class="">river-drainage- and sun/compass-based system</i></b>: five are Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Yir Yoront and Gurindji), six are non-Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Gooniyandi and Dalabon) and one are certain varieties of Kriol </li><li class="">nine have <b class=""><i class="">wind-based systems</i></b>: five are Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Djinang and Lardil) and four are non-Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Matngele and Iwaidja)</li><li class="">three languages have an <b class=""><i class="">ocean-based system</i></b> (all in addition to wind-based systems): Pama-Nyungan Kala Lagaw Ya , and non-Pama-Nyungan Maung and Iwaidja </li><li class="">Bardi has a <b class=""><i class="">tide-based system</i></b> which changes every six hours in addition to a compass/sun-based system</li><li class="">and only Murrinhpatha appears to have <b class=""><i class="">no absolute system</i></b></li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Please feel free to comment and add to the list and references!</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">All the best,</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Dorothea</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""></div></body></html>